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Horses｜Husbandry and Care (diseases covered in a separate article)

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#獸醫百科#農場動物#馬#飼養照護#動物照護

The fields of the horse's twelve-field knowledge tree other than the disease field: species and lifespan, normal physiological indicators, housing, nutrition and feeding, behaviour and welfare, preventive medicine, emergency red flags, zoonoses, household toxins, care in old age, and authoritative sources. The disease field has been published as a separate article and is not repeated here. Where the original text leaves a field open because no authoritative value could be found, the reason is stated and this site keeps it as it is.

Horses｜Husbandry and Care (diseases covered in a separate article)

This content is compiled from the farm animals and horses chapter of the veterinary animal encyclopedia. The same sign calls for different handling in different species, and copying what is done for another species can be harmful — first confirm which animal you are dealing with.

1–6 Basic information

FieldContent
1. Species／breed and lifespanHorse breeds vary enormously (light riding horses, heavy draught horses, miniature horses, and warmblood／coldblood types of every kind). Lifespan averages 25–30 years, and miniature horses may reach 40 years or more (Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners: "On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more." <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>, verified 2026-07-30). A common keeper misconception: caring for a horse as though it were a "large dog", overlooking the gut characteristics of a herbivore.
2. Normal physiological indicatorsTo measure: temperature, heart rate (at the mandibular artery or by listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope), respiratory rate, gut sounds (borborygmi, auscultated separately over the four upper and lower abdominal quadrants on each side), mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time. Abnormal directions: reduced or absent gut sounds are an important warning sign of colic; pale or brick-red membranes and prolonged refill time suggest shock or severe abdominal pain. Reference values: rectal temperature 37.3–38.2°C (99.1–100.8°F) in mares and 37.2–38.1°C (99.0–100.6°F) in stallions; resting heart rate 28–40 beats per minute; resting respiration 10–14 breaths per minute (Merck Veterinary Manual, Reference Guides: "Normal Rectal Temperature Ranges" <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/normal-rectal-temperature-ranges>; "Resting Heart Rates" <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-heart-rates>; "Resting Respiratory Rates" <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-respiratory-rates>, verified 2026-07-30). Individual variation is wide; these are reference intervals for a healthy animal at rest and cannot be used to rule out an emergency on your own — anything abnormal still calls for immediate veterinary care.
3. HousingThey need ample grazing／turnout space and companions (horses are social animals, and long-term solitary stabling readily produces behavioural problems); dry bedding and good ventilation without draughts; pasture on sandy soil should not be overgrazed (ingested sand readily causes "sand colic"); clean drinking water must be available at all times (inadequate water intake is a common trigger of impaction colic).
4. Nutrition and feedingThe mistake keepers make most often: changing feed abruptly or overfeeding grain concentrates (see section three, 3.1／3.3). This is the most common avoidable trigger of colic and laminitis. The principle: forage／hay as the dietary base, with concentrates — if given at all — offered in small, divided amounts; avoid mouldy hay (mycotoxin risk); spring grass is high in sugar, and excessive grazing is associated with laminitis risk, so turnout time needs limiting.
5. Behaviour and welfareNormal behaviour: social living in a group, continuous trickle feeding on grass, and mutual grooming. Signs of stress: cribbing／wind-sucking, weaving, box-walking, reduced appetite, and abnormal isolation. The five welfare needs: freedom from hunger and thirst (continuous forage supply)／freedom from discomfort／freedom from pain, injury and disease／freedom to express natural behaviour (social living, grazing, movement)／freedom from fear and distress.
6. Preventive medicineVaccination (core vaccines vary by region and generally cover tetanus, equine influenza and others); specific items and frequency 【Verification result: no fixed value should be given for this item — which vaccines count as core, and how often they are given, depend on regional risk and individual exposure and must be judged by the local veterinarian on local epidemiology; the machine-verifiable figure for equine influenza vaccination frequency appears at row 117 below (once every 6 months, with the Merck source attached)】; deworming should follow individualised management based on faecal egg counts rather than blind rotational dosing on a fixed schedule (to avoid resistance), and anthelmintics must be prescribed and directed by a veterinarian; because the teeth grow throughout life, they need regular examination and floating by a veterinarian or trained professional; the feet need regular trimming by a farrier／hoof trimmer, at a frequency 【No single authoritative value for this item: whitelisted sources give no reference value specific to horses for the shoeing／trimming interval; only the dental examination frequency has an explicit figure, see row 121 below】; castration (gelding) is a common management measure.

7. Ten common diseases 8–12 Clinical safety and care

FieldContent
8. 🚨 Emergency red flagsRepeatedly lying down and rolling, frequently looking round at the abdomen, prolonged absence of droppings, absent gut sounds, abnormally warm feet with a markedly bounding pulse, sudden severe lameness with refusal to bear weight, heavy bleeding that will not stop, choke (drooling after eating, feed material returning through the nostrils, abnormal extension of the neck), high fever with lethargy, and neurological signs (unsteady gait, convulsions — rabies and encephalitis viruses need ruling out). Any one of these calls for immediate veterinary care; colic and laminitis are both minute-level emergencies and watchful waiting at home is prohibited.
9. ZoonosesRingworm, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, and rabies (rare but transmissible); in some regions also Hendra virus (found only in Australia; Merck Veterinary Manual, "Hendra Virus Infection in Horses": "Hendra virus infection and disease in horses has only been reported in Australia, and events are sporadic and infrequent." <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/hendra-virus-infection/hendra-virus-infection-in-horses>, verified 2026-07-30). Always wash and disinfect hands after contact with secretions from a sick horse.
10. Household toxins and hazardsMouldy or spoiled feed (mycotoxins); toxic plants such as yew, oleander and fallen red maple leaves (which can cause haemolytic anaemia); excessive acorns; black walnut shavings used mistakenly as bedding, which can trigger laminitis; blister beetles mixed into alfalfa hay (they contain cantharidin and are highly toxic to horses); herbicides and garden chemicals.
11. Old age, palliative care and euthanasia decisionsOlder horses commonly develop PPID (Cushing's disease), weight loss from dental deterioration, and arthritis. Key points in palliative care: simplify the environment, keep the horse warm, and have pain management assessed by a veterinarian for any medication. A horse that is down and unable to rise on its own is itself an emergency, not simply a feature of ageing. The euthanasia decision must be made by a veterinarian on an overall quality-of-life assessment, not unilaterally by the keeper.
12. Authoritative sourcesSource text: *Equine Internal Medicine*; *Equine Surgery* (line 80); *Equine Veterinary Journal*; *Journal of Equine Veterinary Science*; *Preventive Veterinary Medicine* (lines 114–115). Added: the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) ✅ exists · verified — a currently active veterinary specialty organisation that describes itself as "the world's largest professional organization dedicated to equine veterinary medicine", with more than 9,000 veterinarian and veterinary student members and headquarters in Lexington, Kentucky, USA; source: <https://aaep.org/>, verified 2026-07-30.

The content above is copied cell by cell from the encyclopedia chapter without rewriting or condensing; treatment direction is given only by category, with no drug names or dosages — medication must be prescribed by a veterinarian.

The limits of this content

This content comes from the farm animals and horses chapter of the veterinary encyclopedia (its source location and content hash are given in the evidence chain). The sources at the end are the authoritative material cited by that chapter, a chapter-level correspondence. This is educational information and cannot replace diagnosis and prescription by a practising veterinarian; in an emergency, seek care immediately. This article has not been clinically reviewed by a named veterinarian.

FAQ

What should I watch for regarding the Species／breed and lifespan of horses?
Horse breeds vary enormously (light riding horses, heavy draught horses, miniature horses, and warmblood／coldblood types of every kind). Lifespan averages 25–30 years, and miniature horses may reach 40 years or more (Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners: "On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more." <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>, verified 2026-07-30). A common keeper misconception: caring for a horse as though it were a "large dog", overlooking the gut characteristics of a herbivore。
ウマの種／品種と寿命について何に注意すべきですか。 — ウマは品種差が非常に大きく（軽種の乗用馬、重種の輓馬、ミニチュアホース、各種の温血種／冷血種）、寿命は平均 25〜30 年、ミニチュアホースは 40 年以上に達することがあります（Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners：「On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more.」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>、2026-07-30 検証）。飼い主によくある誤解：ウマを「大型犬」のように世話し、草食動物としての腸の特性を見落とすこと。実際の判断は獣医師が個別の症例に応じて行う必要があり、本記事は薬剤名と用量を記載しません。
What should I watch for regarding the Species／breed and lifespan of horses? — Horse breeds vary enormously (light riding horses, heavy draught horses, miniature horses, and warmblood／coldblood types of every kind). Lifespan averages 25–30 years, and miniature horses may reach 40 years or more (Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners: "On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more." <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>, verified 2026-07-30). A common keeper misconception: caring for a horse as though it were a "large dog", overlooking the gut characteristics of a herbivore。
What should I watch for regarding the normal physiological indicators of horses?
To measure: temperature, heart rate (at the mandibular artery or by listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope), respiratory rate, gut sounds (borborygmi, auscultated separately over the four upper and lower abdominal quadrants on each side), mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time. Abnormal directions: reduced or absent gut sounds are an important warning sign of colic; pale or brick-red membranes and prolonged refill time suggest shock or severe abdominal pain. Reference values: rectal temperature 37.3–38。
ウマの正常な生理指標について何に注意すべきですか。 — 測定する項目：体温、心拍（下顎動脈で、または聴診器で心音を聴取）、呼吸数、腸音（borborygmi。聴診器で腹部の左右上下 4 象限をそれぞれ聴取）、粘膜の色と毛細血管再充満時間（capillary refill time）。異常の方向：腸音の減少または消失は疝痛の重要な警告サインです。粘膜の蒼白または暗赤色、再充満時間の延長はショックまたは重度の腹痛を示唆します。参考値：直腸温は牝馬 37.3〜38.2°C（99.1〜100.8°F）、牡馬 37.2〜38.1°C（99.0〜100.6°F）。安静時心拍 28〜40 回/分、安静時呼吸 10〜14 回/分（Merck Veterinary Manual, Reference Guides：「Normal Rectal Temperature Ranges」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/normal-rectal-temperature-ranges>、「Resting Heart Rates」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-heart-rates>、「Resting Respiratory Rates」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-respiratory-rates>、2026-07-30 検証）。実際の判断は獣医師が個別の症例に応じて行う必要があり、本記事は薬剤名と用量を記載しません。
What should I watch for regarding the normal physiological indicators of horses? — To measure: temperature, heart rate (at the mandibular artery or by listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope), respiratory rate, gut sounds (borborygmi, auscultated separately over the four upper and lower abdominal quadrants on each side), mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time. Abnormal directions: reduced or absent gut sounds are an important warning sign of colic; pale or brick-red membranes and prolonged refill time suggest shock or severe abdominal pain. Reference values: rectal temperature 37.3–38。
What should I watch for regarding the housing of horses?
They need ample grazing／turnout space and companions (horses are social animals, and long-term solitary stabling readily produces behavioural problems); dry bedding and good ventilation without draughts; pasture on sandy soil should not be overgrazed (ingested sand readily causes "sand colic"); clean drinking water must be available at all times (inadequate water intake is a common trigger of impaction colic)。
ウマの飼育環境について何に注意すべきですか。 — 十分な放牧／運動スペースと仲間が必要です（ウマは群居動物で、長期の単独飼育は行動上の問題を生じやすくなります）。敷料は乾燥させ、換気は良好にしつつすきま風は避けます。牧地では砂質土壌の過放牧を避けます（砂粒を食べてしまうと「砂疝痛 sand colic」を起こしやすくなります）。飲み水は常に十分で清潔に保ちます（飲水不足は閉塞性疝痛のよくある誘因です）。実際の判断は獣医師が個別の症例に応じて行う必要があり、本記事は薬剤名と用量を記載しません。
What should I watch for regarding the housing of horses? — They need ample grazing／turnout space and companions (horses are social animals, and long-term solitary stabling readily produces behavioural problems); dry bedding and good ventilation without draughts; pasture on sandy soil should not be overgrazed (ingested sand readily causes "sand colic"); clean drinking water must be available at all times (inadequate water intake is a common trigger of impaction colic)。

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Jane・《Horses｜Husbandry and Care (diseases covered in a separate article)》・IDAEO 知識庫・2026-08-13・https://km.idaeo.ai/post/vet/horse-care

Updated 2026-08-15

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更新 2026-08-15T15:41:02.273Z · server-rendered · four-language · IDAEO 知識庫