How much does root-canal treatment cost? Compare the quote in six parts before deciding why microscopic treatment costs more.｜證據鏈

How much does root-canal treatment cost? Compare the quote in six parts before deciding why microscopic treatment costs more.｜證據鏈

F-Units

• F1｜confidence=high｜basis=internal_dataset (S28; not medical)｜period=GSC retention window (from 2025-03-22)｜geo: TW｜Topic basis: reconciled complete search data for 14 clinic sites, 4 queries across 2 sites｜caveat: property-level impressions, not deduplicated traffic; internal and not published.
• F2｜confidence=n/a｜basis=editorial (S29; no factual claim)｜geo: universal｜The six-part framework, card boundaries, and “what you buy vs evidence strength” reading are editorial definitions, not an institutional fee classification; no amount.
• F3｜confidence=n/a｜basis=editorial｜geo: TW｜No citable evidence obtained for amounts/ranges/market prices, Taiwan microscopic-treatment fees/proportions, Taiwan-population outcome comparisons, or commercial-insurance reimbursement terms/effect; no legal opinion is given.
• F4｜confidence=high｜basis=peer_reviewed (Cochrane systematic review, PMID 26650099)｜period=2015 update (pub3; searched to 2015-10-13), superseding 2009 (pub2)｜geo: universal｜No eligible magnification-device trial; outcome effect remains unknown｜caveat: 2026-08-06 currency check found only 2009/2015 CD005969 versions and pubtype no Retracted Publication; evidence gap, not ineffectiveness.
• F5｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (systematic review, PMID 20117164)｜period=searched to 2009-09; published 2010｜geo: universal｜3 prospective studies all apical surgery; no between-device outcome difference; no orthograde-treatment comparative study｜caveat: read with F4; only these two claims used.
• F6｜confidence=medium｜basis=peer_reviewed (in-vivo non-randomised observational study, PMID 12043874)｜period=published 2002｜geo: universal｜312 maxillary first/second molar cases; MB2: microscope 57.4%, loupes 55.3%, none 18.2%; first molars 71.1%, 62.5%, 17.2%; no significant microscope/loupe difference｜caveat: older single non-randomised study; detection, not outcome.
• F7｜confidence=moderate (GRADE low)｜basis=peer_reviewed (systematic review/meta-analysis, PMID 40869607)｜period=searched to 2025-02-17; published 2025｜geo: universal｜8 cross-sectional studies, 9983 teeth; PAP 85.1% versus 56.3%; OR 7.17 (95% CI 4.55 to 11.29); I² = 86%; low certainty; maxillary first molars prominent｜caveat: association only; high heterogeneity.
• F8｜confidence=moderate｜basis=clinical_guideline (expert consensus, PMID 37723147)｜period=published 2023 (meeting from 2019, subsequently revised)｜geo: universal｜Microscopes widely used; improper use common with insufficient knowledge/proficiency; standard procedure purpose｜caveat: Chinese expert consensus, not Taiwan authority or meta-analysis.
• F9｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (RCT systematic review/meta-analysis, PMID 38951661)｜period=searched to 2023-12; published 2024｜geo: universal｜PUI versus CSI: healing RR 1.10 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.21; I² = 0%); 3 RCTs, 474 patients (501 teeth)｜caveat: limited high-quality trials; small effect; follow-up at least 6 months.
• F10｜confidence=moderate｜basis=clinical_guideline (expert consensus, PMID 38429299)｜period=published 2024｜geo: universal｜Chemical cleaning/disinfection crucial; consensus covers effects, limits, and current indications of kinetic irrigation｜caveat: consensus, not meta-analysis.
• F11｜confidence=high｜basis=peer_reviewed (systematic review/meta-analysis, PMID 38606520)｜period=searched to 2023-10-31; published 2024｜geo: universal｜15 studies (11 RCTs, 4 controlled prospective), ≤2 years; no significant survival/success difference; extrusion/pain differences small and non-significant｜caveat: short follow-up; no detected difference does not prove sameness.
• F12｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (systematic review/meta-analysis, PMID 41872366)｜period=searched to 2025-11; published 2026｜geo: universal｜84 studies, 11,965 samples; initial: 87.1%/87.2%/92.0%/84.9% at 6/12/24 months/beyond 3 years; retreatment: 92.9%/77.0%/83.5%/73.7%; authors overall favour initial treatment; operator/case selection matter more; no clear single-cone bioceramic benefit｜caveat: 2026-08-06 latest same-topic search; high heterogeneity/bias; population only; 6-month retreatment 92.9% exceeds initial 87.1%.
• F13｜confidence=high｜basis=peer_reviewed (Cochrane review, PMID 27759881)｜period=2016 update (pub3; searched to 2016-02-10), superseding 2007 (pub2)｜geo: universal｜Retreatment: surgery/non-surgery RR 1.15 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.35; 2 RCTs, 126 people); ultrasonic RR 1.14 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.30; 1 RCT, 290; low quality); CBCT RR 1.02 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.47; 1 RCT, 39; very low); no magnification difference (1 RCT, 70; low)｜caveat: 2026-08-06 CD005511 search found no update and no Retracted; surgical/retreatment only.
• F14｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (systematic review/meta-analysis, PMID 22152611)｜period=searched to 2009-10; published 2012｜geo: universal｜Surgical pooled success 94% versus 88% (P < .0005); 14 studies (CRS 7 n=610; EMS 9 n=699); molar n=193, P=.011｜caveat: cross-study surgical comparison, not randomised; no updated meta-analysis found 2026-08-06.
• F15｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (micro-CT systematic review, PMID 37248469)｜period=published 2023｜geo: universal｜Highly variable mandibular first-molar root/canal anatomy; 30 included studies｜caveat: ex-vivo, not treatment-time measurement.
• F16｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (nationwide retrospective cohort, PMID 25175849)｜period=published 2014 (data 2005-2011)｜geo: TW｜517,234 initial-treatment teeth; 29,219 extracted; survival 94.4%; mean 3.43 years: rubber dam 90.3%, no dam 88.8%; HR 0.81 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.84)｜caveat: claims data lacks self-pay/clinical detail; survival=not extracted; no individual promise.
• F17｜confidence=low｜basis=peer_reviewed (decision model, PMID 40014382)｜period=2024 Swedish reference prices; published 2025｜geo: universal (Sweden)｜Swedish population/prices; 83%/93% thresholds; RCT plus indirect restoration needed 83% to 93% survival to be more cost-effective than implant-supported single crown｜caveat: cannot convert to Taiwan figures/conclusions; no currency amount.
• F18｜confidence=low｜basis=peer_reviewed (cost-effectiveness analysis, PMID 41188638)｜period=2025 German public/private catalogues; published 2026｜geo: universal (Germany)｜Perforation may occur; repair can extend retention with limited/no added cost by age; avoid perforation｜caveat: model, not trial; German figures not convertible to Taiwan; no currency amount.
• F19｜confidence=high｜basis=clinical_guideline (joint statement, PMID 41412684)｜period=approved spring 2025; published 2026-01｜geo: universal｜AAE/AAOMR 2025 CBCT position-statement update approved by both bodies｜caveat: full text not retrieved; existence/scope only, no individual recommendation.
• F20｜confidence=high｜basis=law (S20)｜period=current text; 2026-08-06 ego-browser word-for-word verification｜geo: TW｜Taiwan's Medical Care Act Article 21: local competent authority approves medical-fee standards. Official English translation: https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0020021
• F21｜confidence=high｜basis=law (S21)｜period=current text; 2026-08-06 word-for-word verification｜geo: TW｜Taiwan's Medical Care Act Article 22: itemised receipt; no violation of standard, overcharge, or created charge item.
• F22｜confidence=high｜basis=law (S22)｜period=current text; 2026-08-06 word-for-word verification｜geo: TW｜Taiwan's Medical Care Act Article 81: explain condition, plan, procedure, medication, prognosis, and possible adverse reactions.
• F23｜confidence=high｜basis=law (S23)｜period=current text; 2026-08-06 word-for-word verification｜geo: TW｜Taiwan's Medical Care Act Article 87(2): non-soliciting medical knowledge/research, patient health education, and academic publication are not medical advertising.
• F24｜confidence=high｜basis=law (S24)｜period=current text; 2026-08-06 word-for-word verification｜geo: TW｜Taiwan's National Health Insurance Act Article 41(1): payment items/standards jointly formulated then approved/published｜caveat: directs coverage questions to NHI notice; no individual decision.
• F25｜confidence=high｜basis=law (S25)｜period=current text; 2026-08-06 word-for-word verification, all 12 items obtained｜geo: TW｜Taiwan's National Health Insurance Act Article 51(11): dentures, artificial eyes, glasses, hearing aids, wheelchairs, crutches, other non-actively-therapeutic aids｜caveat: statutory list not individual conclusion.
• F26｜confidence=high｜basis=official_statement (S26)｜period=2026-08-06 ego-browser verification, title and 4-file list read word-for-word｜geo: TW｜NHI notice provides current files, including NHI Fee Schedule .doc effective 115.07.01 and payment items CSV downloadable from 114.08.11｜caveat: dental rows not downloaded/compared; no coverage decision.　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「全民健康保險醫療服務給付項目及支付標準」、「支付標準壓縮檔(NHI Fee Schedule)(.doc)(115.07.01生效)」、「醫療服務給付項目(114.08.11起可逕至資料開放平台下載CSV檔)」]
• F27｜confidence=high｜basis=official_statement (S27)｜period=2026-08-06 ego-browser verification; page metadata 2026-08-05｜geo: TW｜Open-data CSV from NHI Administration: procedure code, payment points, effective dates, English/Chinese names, notes; update every 1 day｜caveat: entry/provider/fields verified, not each dental row; list is not individual coverage.　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「醫療服務給付項目及支付標準(csv檔)」]
• F28｜confidence=high｜basis=official_statement (S28b/S28c)｜period=1090117 approval; both pages verified 2026-08-06｜geo: TW｜Local health-authority fee standards; verified Taipei dental standard and dataset 121913｜caveat: one-city example; other counties/cities publish separately; no amount.　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」、「臺北市醫療收費標準」]
• F29｜confidence=high｜basis=official_statement (S29b)｜period=2026-08-05 ego-browser tested/reverified by OP｜geo: TW｜NHI medical-device price-comparison tracks omit dentistry, so dental self-pay cannot be verified there｜caveat: source km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md; database may change.　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「醫材比價網」]
• F30｜confidence=low｜basis=pending (no publicly citable policy-term sample)｜geo: TW｜Commercial-insurance reimbursement for root-canal items depends on policy terms｜caveat: no reimbursement opinion; separate card planned.

How to find a clinic that provides this service

This site lists no clinics and does not recommend, rate or compare any medical institution.

To find a clinic that provides this service, use the following official lookup channels yourself —

they are maintained by the competent authorities and are more current than any list:

>

- The Ministry of Health and Welfare's medical-institution lookup: search by city or county,

township and specialty (dentistry) for institutions that have completed practice registration.

The results show the institution's name, address and registered specialty. This is the first place

to confirm whether a clinic is lawfully registered.

- The National Health Insurance Administration's contracted-institution lookup: check whether a

clinic is under contract with National Health Insurance. This determines which items are covered

and which are self-paid, and therefore what kind of fee explanation you will be given.

>

Both systems are on the respective authorities' official websites; searching for the

medical-institution lookup or the contracted-institution lookup will find them. This site does not

reproduce the URLs, because they change; use whichever entry point the authority currently publishes.

>

In an emergency, do not spend time looking up lists. If your breathing, swallowing or speech is

affected, or swelling is spreading, go to the nearest emergency department.

Chinese labels to look for on the official pages

These official systems, datasets and files are published in Chinese only. The English names above are this site's renderings; on the page itself you will see the following strings, so search for these:

>

- 「醫事機構查詢」

- 「特約醫事機構查詢」

- 「特約院所查詢」

Compliance note

This article is health education under Taiwan's Medical Care Act Article 87 [F23], not medical advertising. It recommends no clinic and gives no amount or price range. Root-canal treatment has risks and contraindications, including post-treatment discomfort, non-healing requiring retreatment/surgery, and instrument/procedure-related complications. Treatment and results vary by person and require a dentist's assessment. This card makes no NHI coverage decision; coverage/charges follow the NHI Administration's current notice and the fee standard approved by the county/city where care is sought. It gives no legal opinion on insurance reimbursement or contract terms; these depend on policy and contract terms.

Sources

• S1 Del Fabbro M, Taschieri S, Lodi G, Banfi G, Weinstein RL. Magnification devices for endodontic therapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Dec 9;2015(12):CD005969. PMID 26650099. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26650099（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）。逐字 span：「No trials met the inclusion criteria for this review.」「No article was identified in the current literature that satisfied the criteria for inclusion.」「It is unknown if and how the type of magnification device affects the treatment outcome, considering the high number of factors that may have a significant impact on the success of endodontic surgical procedure.」「This version updates the review published in 2009.」
• S2 Del Fabbro M, Taschieri S. Endodontic therapy using magnification devices: a systematic review. J Dent. 2010 Apr;38(4):269-75. PMID 20117164. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20117164（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「Three prospective studies were included, all dealing with endodontic surgery.」「No significant difference in outcomes was found among patients treated using magnifying loupes, surgical microscope or endoscope.」「No comparative study on magnification devices was found regarding orthograde endodontic treatment.」「The type of magnification device per se can only minimally affect the treatment outcome.」
• S3 Buhrley LJ, Barrows MJ, BeGole EA, Wenckus CS. Effect of magnification on locating the MB2 canal in maxillary molars. J Endod. 2002 Apr;28(4):324-7. PMID 12043874. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12043874（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「The participating endodontists documented 312 cases of root canal therapy on maxillary first and second molars.」「Participants that used the microscope or dental loupes located the MB2 canal with a frequency of 57.4% and 55.3%, respectively.」「Those using no magnification located the MB2 canal with a frequency of 18.2%.」「When the maxillary first molars were considered separately, the frequency of MB2 canal detection for the microscope, dental loupes, and no magnification groups was 71.1%, 62.5%, and 17.2%, respectively.」「There was no significant difference between the use of the microscope and dental loupes in the frequency of locating the MB2 canal.」
• S4 León-López M, Montero-Miralles P, Cabanillas-Balsera D, Saúco-Márquez JJ, Martín-González J, Segura-Egea JJ. Association Between the Presence of Missed Canals, Detected Using CBCT, and Post-Treatment Apical Periodontitis in Root-Filled Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med. 2025 Aug 15;14(16):5781. PMID 40869607. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40869607（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「Eight cross-sectional studies (9983 RFT) were included in the review.」「The pooled prevalence of PAP was significantly higher in RFT with missed canals (85.1%) than those without (56.3%).」「The meta-analysis showed a strong association between missed canals and PAP (OR = 7.17, 95% CI = 4.55-11.29), indicating a sevenfold increased likelihood.」「Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 86%), and evidence certainty was low, due to methodological limitations.」「Maxillary molars, especially first molars, most commonly had missed canals.」
• S5 Liu B, Zhou X, Yue L, et al. Experts consensus on the procedure of dental operative microscope in endodontics and operative dentistry. Int J Oral Sci. 2023 Sep 18;15(1):43. PMID 37723147. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37723147（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「The dental operative microscope has been widely employed in the field of dentistry, particularly in endodontics and operative dentistry」「However, the improper use of this microscope continues to be common in clinical settings, primarily due to operators' insufficient understanding and proficiency in both the features and established operating procedures of this equipment.」「The objective of this meeting was to establish a standard operation procedure for the dental operative microscope.」
• S6 Gobbo LB, de Araújo LP, Vieira WA, de-Jesus-Soares A, de Almeida JFA, Ferraz CCR. Impact of passive ultrasonic irrigation on the outcome of non-surgical root canal treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Evid Based Dent. 2024 Dec;25(4):212-213. PMID 38951661. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38951661（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「The meta-analysis incorporated three RCTs, involving 474 patients (501 teeth).」「The analysis revealed that PUI led to a higher rate of periapical healing compared to CSI (Relative Risk: 1.10; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.01-1.21, I² = 0%), with moderate certainty of evidence.」「Despite the limited number of high-quality RCTs, the findings showed a positive impact of PUI on periapical healing rates in primary root canal treatments, in comparison to CSI.」
• S7 Zou X, Zheng X, Liang Y, et al. Expert consensus on irrigation and intracanal medication in root canal therapy. Int J Oral Sci. 2024 Mar 1;16(1):23. PMID 38429299. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38429299（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「Chemical cleaning and disinfection are crucial steps for eliminating infection in root canal treatment.」「The evolution of different kinetic irrigation methods, their effects, limitations, the paradigm shift, current indications, and effective operational procedures regarding intracanal medication are also discussed.」
• S8 Zamparini F, Lenzi J, Duncan HF, Spinelli A, Gandolfi MG, Prati C. The efficacy of premixed bioceramic sealers versus standard sealers on root canal treatment outcome, extrusion rate and post-obturation pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2024 Aug;57(8):1021-1042. PMID 38606520. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38606520（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「Fifteen Comparative clinical studies were finally included. Eleven were randomized clinical trials, and four were prospective clinical trials with control group.」「The follow-up of these studies was not greater than 2 years.」「No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of survival and success rates.」「A small non-significant lower risk of extrusion was observed for bioceramics.」「Tooth survival, treatment outcome, post-operative pain and periapical extrusion were similar and presented no significant differences between the two sealer types.」
• S9 Mushtaq A, Alsanafi S, Elmsmari F, et al. Effect of root canal filling techniques and materials on endodontic treatment outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2026 Mar 23;16(1):9552. PMID 41872366. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41872366（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「Eighty-four studies (11,965 samples) met all inclusion criteria.」「In primary treatments, overall success rates were 87.1% at 6 months and 87.2% at 12 months, without significant differences among techniques.」「At 24 months, success increased to 92.0%」「Beyond 3 years, success decreased to 84.9%」「In retreatments, success rates were 92.9% at 6 months, 77.0% at 12 months, and 83.5% at 24 months.」「Beyond 3 years, success decreased to 73.7%」「Overall, primary treatments presented higher success than retreatments.」「Success appears multifactorial, with operator expertise and case selection having greater impact than obturation technique.」「Bioceramic sealers used with SC techniques have not demonstrated clear clinical benefits or improved retreatment outcomes.」「The overall certainty of evidence remained low to very low, particularly for long-term outcomes.」
• S10 Del Fabbro M, Corbella S, Sequeira-Byron P, Tsesis I, Rosen E, Lolato A, Taschieri S. Endodontic procedures for retreatment of periapical lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 19;10(10):CD005511. PMID 27759881. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27759881（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「There was no clear evidence of superiority of the surgical or non-surgical approach for healing at one-year follow-up (RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.35; two RCTs, 126 participants)」「there was some inconclusive evidence that ultrasonic devices for root-end preparation may improve healing one year after retreatment, when compared with the traditional bur (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.30; one RCT, 290 participants; low quality evidence)」「There was no evidence that using CBCT rather than radiography for preoperative evaluation was advantageous for healing (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.47; one RCT, 39 participants; very low quality evidence)」「nor that any magnification device affected healing more than any other (loupes versus endoscope at one year: RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.20; microscope versus endoscope at two years: RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.15; one RCT, 70 participants, low quality evidence)」「Available evidence does not provide clinicians with reliable guidelines for treating periapical lesions.」
• S11 Setzer FC, Kohli MR, Shah SB, Karabucak B, Kim S. Outcome of endodontic surgery: a meta-analysis of the literature--Part 2: Comparison of endodontic microsurgical techniques with and without the use of higher magnification. J Endod. 2012 Jan;38(1):1-10. PMID 22152611. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22152611（取用 2026-08-06）。逐字 span：「In total, 14 studies qualified according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2 being represented in both groups (7 for CRS [n = 610] and 9 for EMS [n = 699]).」「Weighted pooled success rates calculated from extracted raw data showed an 88% positive outcome for CRS (95% confidence interval, 0.8455-0.9164) and 94% for EMS (95% confidence interval, 0.8889-0.9816). This difference was statistically significant (P < .0005).」「The difference in probability of success between the groups was statistically significant for molars (n = 193, P = .011).」「Large-scale randomized clinical trials for statistically valid conclusions for current endodontic questions are needed to make informed decisions for clinical practice.」
• S12 Al-Rammahi HM, Chai WL, Nabhan MS, Ahmed HMA. Root and canal anatomy of mandibular first molars using micro-computed tomography: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2023 May 29;23(1):339. PMID 37248469. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37248469（取用 2026-08-06；同 KM-DENTAL-18 卡錨）。逐字 span：「the selected studies showed high anatomical variability in mandibular first molars」「thirty met the inclusion criteria」
• S13 Lin PY, Huang SH, Chang HJ, Chi LY. The effect of rubber dam usage on the survival rate of teeth receiving initial root canal treatment: a nationwide population-based study. J Endod. 2014 Nov;40(11):1733-7. PMID 25175849. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25175849（取用 2026-08-06；同 KM-DENTAL-18 卡錨）。逐字 span：「Of the 517,234 teeth, 29,219 were extracted, yielding a survival rate of 94.4%」「The survival probability of initial RCT using rubber dams after 3.43 years (the mean observed time) was 90.3%, which was significantly greater than the 88.8% observed without the use of rubber dams」「the tooth extraction hazard ratio for the RCT with rubber dams was significantly lower than that observed for RCT without rubber dams (hazard ratio = 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-0.84)」
• S14 Savolainen N, Frisk F, Kvist T. Is root canal treatment and an indirect coronal restoration of a mandibular first molar cost-effective compared to extraction and an implant-supported crown? A decision analytic approach. Acta Odontol Scand. 2025 Feb 27;84:95-103. PMID 40014382. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40014382（取用 2026-08-06；本卡不引用其幣別金額）。逐字 span：「The study was based on Swedish population and the reference prices for dental treatments in Sweden.」「The initial costs were from the Swedish dental reference prices in 2024」「The threshold probability values were 83 and 93% for RCT survival.」「Given the assumptions and limitations of this decision analysis, the probability of survival for RCT + PC needs to be in the range of 83-93% in order for it to be more cost-effective than ISSC, when deciding about treatment on a compromised first mandibular molar.」
• S15 Benz L, Leontiev W, Schwendicke F, Walter E. Effects of Endodontic Perforations on Tooth Retention and Treatment Costs: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Int Endod J. 2026 Feb;59(2):215-224. PMID 41188638. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41188638（取用 2026-08-06；本卡不引用其幣別金額）。逐字 span：「Perforations are complications that may occur during root canal treatment (RCT), requiring complex management if the tooth is to be retained.」「Tooth or implant costs, as well as costs for treatments during follow-up were drawn from public and private fee item catalogues (BEMA and GOZ) in Germany.」「Perforation repair increases tooth retention time and comes with only limited or no additional costs depending on the age group.」「Perforations are associated with significant treatment needs and costs, and endodontic therapy should focus on avoiding them, likely justifying additional efforts if needed to do so.」
• S16 Sousa Melo SL, Fayad MI, Gohel A, et al. AAE and AAOMR Joint Position Statement: Use of Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics 2025 Update. J Endod. 2026 Jan;52(1):4-13. PMID 41412684. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41412684（取用 2026-08-06；全文未取回，僅記錄存在與定位）。逐字 span：「The following statement was prepared by the Special Committee to Revise the Joint Position Statement on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) and the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAOMR), and was approved by the AAE Board of Directors and the AAOMR Executive Council in the spring of 2025.」
• S17 版本時效查核紀錄（2026-08-06 於 PubMed 實跑）：以 `CD005969` 檢索得 2009（PMID 19588377）與 2015（PMID 26650099）兩筆，未見 pub4；以 `CD005511` 檢索得 2007（PMID 17636803）與 2016（PMID 27759881）兩筆，未見更新版；以 magnification／loupes／microscope 併 endodontic outcome 限 2018-2026 刊期檢索無新的隨機試驗或統合分析命中。13 篇入卡文獻的 pubtype 逐筆檢視，無 Retracted Publication、無 WITHDRAWN。
• S18 （保留編號，未使用）
• S19 （保留編號，未使用）
• S20 醫療法 第 21 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=21（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，頁面標題「醫療法§21-全國法規資料庫」，條文逐字對得上）
• S21 醫療法 第 22 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=22（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，兩項條文逐字對得上）
• S22 醫療法 第 81 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=81（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，條文逐字對得上）
• S23 醫療法 第 87 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=87（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，兩項條文逐字對得上）
• S24 全民健康保險法 第 41 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0060001 flno=41（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，第 1 項條文逐字對得上）
• S25 全民健康保險法 第 51 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0060001 flno=51（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，十二款全文取得，第 11 款逐字對得上）
• S26 衛生福利部中央健康保險署「全民健康保險醫療服務給付項目及支付標準」公告頁。nhi.gov.tw/ch/lp-3778-1.html（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，頁面標題與四筆檔案清單逐字讀取；本卡未下載檔案逐項比對）
• S27 政府資料開放平臺 資料集「醫療服務給付項目及支付標準(csv檔)」，提供機關衛生福利部中央健康保險署。data.gov.tw/dataset/174450（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，標題、提供機關、欄位說明與更新頻率逐字對得上）
• S28 內部資料：`analysis/reports/km-dental-backlog.md` 第 26 題附錄（14 診所資產 GSC 全量對帳，資料窗 2025-03 起），4 詞項跨 2 站，逐筆可對帳。非醫學事實 basis，僅為選題依據，發布時不進可見層。
• S28b 臺北市政府衛生局－收費標準：「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」(1090117核定)。health.gov.taipei 收費標準頁（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，頁面標題逐字對得上）
• S28c 政府資料開放平臺 資料集 121913「臺北市醫療收費標準」，提供機關臺北市政府衛生局。data.gov.tw/dataset/121913（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載，標題與提供機關逐字對得上）
• S29 編輯框架（無外部來源）：本卡的六段拆項結構、與根管治療基礎卡／牙冠費用卡的分工邊界、以及「買到什麼 vs 證據多強」兩層讀法，見 F2、F3。
• S29b 衛生福利部中央健康保險署「醫材比價網」兩查詢軌之品項分類（跨卡已驗事實，同錨）。info.nhi.gov.tw INAE2000/INAE2010S01（2026-08-05 由 OP 以 ego-browser 實測並複驗，紀錄見 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md；本卡未重複實測）

Internal citation chain

• Required related procedure card: What is root-canal treatment? How many visits does it take? (KM-DENTAL-18, draft). Its scope is indication, steps, visits, post-treatment pain, and full success/survival reading; this card covers fee components, add-on evidence, and Taiwan verification routes. Both cards share F15/F16 and Taiwan's National Health Insurance Act Articles 41/51 and Taiwan's Medical Care Act Articles 21/22/81/87 anchors.
• Later cost card: How much does a crown cost? (KM-DENTAL-11, draft). It covers the itemisation, ferrule conditions, and material survival data for definitive restoration.
• Earlier decision card: Does a cavity always need filling? (KM-DENTAL-12, draft). It covers the restorative-level decision before a tooth reaches root-canal treatment.

Publication-gate reminder: this card is a draft. It must not be marked published while F26 (NHI status of its items) and F30 (commercial insurance) remain unverified; all four language versions are required before entering km_entries.