How Many Days Should I Take Antibiotics After an Implant? Can I Stop Them Myself?｜證據鏈

How Many Days Should I Take Antibiotics After an Implant? Can I Stop Them Myself?｜證據鏈

F-Units (fact ledger)

• F1｜Article 50, paragraph 1 of Taiwan's Pharmaceutical Affairs Act: medicines requiring a physician's prescription must not be dispensed or supplied without one (its proviso lists three categories: wholesale sales between drug businesses, purchases by medical-care institutions and others, and dispensing prescriptions in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and National Formulary); paragraph 2 provides that the central health authority separately designates Chinese and Western medicines that require a physician's prescription｜source #13｜confidence=verified｜basis=law｜period=current text (2026-08-06 live verified)｜geo: TW｜span：「須由醫師處方之藥品，非經醫師處方，不得調劑供應。」｜caveat: cited for institutional positioning of prescription authority, not legal advice on an individual case.
• F2｜Article 65 of Taiwan's Pharmaceutical Affairs Act: persons other than drug businesses may not advertise drugs; Article 70: interviews, reports, or publicity whose content implies or alludes to medical efficacy are deemed drug advertising｜source #14｜confidence=verified｜basis=law｜period=current text (2026-08-06 live verified)｜geo: TW｜span：「非藥商不得為藥物廣告。」「採訪、報導或宣傳，其內容暗示或影射醫療效能者，視為藥物廣告。」｜caveat: cited as the basis for this card's editorial policy; it makes no legality judgment about any third party.
• F3｜Systematic review and meta-analysis (searched 2010-01 through 2025-10; 39 studies, 7,266 dentists, 137,207 patients): pooled prevalence of routine antibiotic prescribing in implant surgery was 61.3%; with increasing procedural complexity, compromised cases reached 97.3%; guideline-concordant prescribing was only 1% to 28% and declining; authors rated overall certainty very low; they concluded that postoperative regimens predominated without demonstrated additional benefit over a single preoperative dose｜source #1｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 42519815, SR/MA, GRADE and JBI assessment)｜period=2026 (searched to 2025-10)｜geo: universal｜span：「Thirty-nine studies (7266 dentists; 137,207 patients) were included.」「Pooled prevalence of routine antibiotic prescribing was 61.3%」「Prescribing increased with procedural complexity, reaching 97.3% for compromised cases.」「Guideline-concordant prescribing was low (1-28%), with a declining temporal trend.」「Overall evidence certainty was very low.」「Post-operative regimens predominated despite no demonstrated benefit over a single pre-operative dose.」｜caveat: prevalence describes international prescribing behavior, not efficacy; this card intentionally does not reproduce the drug names, leading drug proportions, or duration reported in that paper.
• F4｜Systematic review and meta-analysis (searched to 2023-10-01; 7 randomized trials, 1,859 patients, 3,014 implants): patient-level early implant failure did not reach statistical significance (risk ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.30 to 1.47); risk difference -0.007 (95% confidence interval -0.035 to 0.020); number needed to treat 143; conclusion did not support routine prophylactic antibiotics for implant surgery｜source #2｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 39054434, SR/MA, GRADE)｜period=2024｜geo: universal｜span：「Seven RCTs with moderate or low risk of bias and with a total of 1859 patients and 3014 implants were included in the meta-analysis.」「the meta-analysis failed to disclose any statistically significant difference (RR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.30-1.47) between antibiotic prophylaxis and a placebo」「The risk difference was -0.007 (95% CI: -0.035-0.020) leading to a number needed to treat (NNT) of 143.」「The results do not support routine antibiotic prophylaxis for dental implant surgery.」｜caveat: population limited to generally healthy patients; the 0.30 to 1.47 interval crosses 1, so this does not exclude a difference and does not prove ineffectiveness; it is a research-level conclusion, not an evaluation of an individual prescription.
• F5｜Systematic review and meta-analysis (12 randomized trials): complication prevention was not statistically significant (p = 0.96); authors concluded routine prophylactic antibiotics were not sufficiently effective to justify routine use and proposed a clinical assessment pathway based on modifiable health determinants including age, oral and skeletal status, chronic or long-term disease, and smoking｜source #3｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 37109671, SR/MA, PROSPERO registration)｜period=2023｜geo: universal｜span：「Twelve RCTs were identified and analysed.」「The prevention of complications was not statistically significant (p = 0.96)」「The routine use of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infection in dental implant placement was found to be not sufficiently effective to justify routine use.」「are required to prevent the unnecessary use of antibiotics」｜caveat: the paper also contains a statistically significant statement on infection prevention and a number-needed-to-treat estimate, alongside its conclusion; this card records its conclusion without selective one-way extraction.
• F6｜Systematic review and meta-analysis (11 randomized clinical trials, follow-up at least 3 months): antibiotics significantly reduced early implant failure (risk ratio 0.30, 95% confidence interval 0.19 to 0.47); no difference was detected between preoperative and preoperative-plus-postoperative regimens (risk ratio 0.57, 95% confidence interval 0.21 to 1.55)｜source #4｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 34200841, SR/MA)｜period=2021｜geo: universal｜span：「Eleven studies were included in the qualitative analysis.」「Antibiotics were found to statistically significantly reduce early implant failures (RR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.19-0.47, p < 0.00001; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.54)」「No differences were seen between preoperative or both pre- and postoperative antibiotic regimens (RR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.21-1.55, p = 0.27; heterogeneity I2 = 0%, p = 0.37)」｜caveat: ⚠️ This is a highest-risk F-Unit in the card. The regimen-comparison confidence interval is 0.21 to 1.55 and crosses 1: it does not exclude a difference (insufficient power) and must not be read as equivalence. Its conclusion sentence is a research-level regimen recommendation for healthy patients and prophylaxis against early implant failure; it must not be read as permission for a patient to stop postoperative medicine on their own. This card intentionally does not reproduce the regimen wording in that conclusion, and its body gives three limiting conditions.
• F7｜Cochrane systematic review (CD004152.pub4, searched to 2013-06-17; 6 randomized trials, 1,162 participants): implant failures were statistically significantly more numerous without antibiotics (risk ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.16 to 0.67); number needed to treat 25 (95% confidence interval 14 to 100), based on a 6% implant-failure rate in those not receiving antibiotics; infection (risk ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.36 to 1.35) and adverse events (risk ratio 1, 95% confidence interval 0.06 to 15.85) were not statistically significant; in the only trial comparing three durations, 25 people in each group had no event, so no conclusive information could be derived; no trial compared different antibiotics or doses; the conclusion says whether postoperative use is beneficial and which antibiotic is more effective remain unknown｜source #5｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 23904048, Cochrane SR/MA)｜period=2013 (searched to 2013-06-17)｜geo: universal｜span：「The meta-analyses of the six trials showed a statistically significant higher number of participants experiencing implant failures in the group not receiving antibiotics (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.16 to 0.67」「The number needed to treat for one additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) to prevent one person having an implant failure is 25 (95% CI 14 to 100), based on an implant failure rate of 6% in participants not receiving antibiotics.」「with no statistically significant differences for infections (RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.36 to 1.35), or adverse events (RR 1; 95% CI 0.06 to 15.85)」「No conclusive information can be derived from the only trial that compared three different durations of antibiotic prophylaxis since no event (implant/prosthesis failures, infections or adverse events) occurred in any of the 25 participants included in each study group.」「There were no trials that evaluated different antibiotics or different antibiotic dosages.」「It is still unknown whether postoperative antibiotics are beneficial, and which antibiotic is the most effective.」｜caveat: ⚠️ Version currency (incident record 9): on 2026-08-06, a PubMed search of the CD004152 version chain returned 4 records (12918006／18646101／20614437／23904048). MEDLINE records show this paper updated the 2010 version (UOF), had no UIN (no newer version), no RIN/ROF (not retracted), and pubtype did not contain Retracted Publication; it is the current version in that review-number chain. It is nevertheless 13 years old, so this card also lists the newer 2021／2023／2024 reviews. Its conclusion contains specific drug names and dose recommendations, which this card intentionally does not reproduce.
• F8｜Background paragraph of source #5: some implant failures may result from bacterial contamination at insertion; infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat and almost all infected implants must be removed｜source #5｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 23904048, background statement rather than study result)｜period=2013｜geo: universal｜span：「Some dental implant failures may be due to bacterial contamination at implant insertion. Infections around biomaterials are difficult to treat, and almost all infected implants have to be removed.」｜caveat: a general statement in the paper's BACKGROUND, not its trial result; it must not be used as an individual risk estimate.
• F9｜Umbrella review (7 systematic reviews and meta-analyses; AMSTAR-2／GROOVE／GRADE assessment): infection after sinus-floor elevation ranged from 0.3% to 11.6%, and implant survival was consistently above 90% regardless of regimen; high- or moderate-quality reviews provided limited but consistent evidence that antibiotics may lower infection risk in high-risk circumstances (membrane perforation, extensive lateral approach, or systemic comorbidity); routine use in uncomplicated sinus-floor elevation appeared unnecessary; overall certainty was low to very low｜source #6｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 41413511, umbrella review, PROSPERO CRD420251061400)｜period=2025｜geo: universal｜span：「Infection rates following SFE ranged from 0.3% to 11.6%, with implant survival consistently above 90% regardless of antibiotic regimen.」「Reviews rated as high or moderate quality provided limited yet consistent evidence suggesting that antibiotics may reduce infection risk in high-risk situations (e.g., membrane perforation, extensive lateral approach, or systemic comorbidities).」「Current evidence suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis may be beneficial only in selected high-risk scenarios, whereas routine use appears unnecessary in uncomplicated SFE.」「The overall certainty of evidence was low to very low.」｜caveat: authors explicitly state heterogeneity and low certainty and advise cautious interpretation; this card intentionally does not reproduce drug names or durations in the paper.
• F10｜Background paragraph of source #5: surgical prophylactic antibiotics are generally indicated only for people at risk of infective endocarditis, with reduced host response, undergoing surgery at infected sites, receiving extensive and prolonged surgery, or having large foreign materials implanted; adverse events may range from diarrhoea to life-threatening allergic reactions; another major concern with widespread use is selection of resistant bacteria｜source #5｜confidence=verified｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 23904048, background statement rather than study result)｜period=2013｜geo: universal｜span：「In general, antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery is only indicated for patients at risk of infectious endocarditis; with reduced host-response; when surgery is performed in infected sites; in cases of extensive and prolonged surgical interventions; and when large foreign materials are implanted.」「Adverse events may occur with the administration of antibiotics, and can range from diarrhoea to life-threatening allergic reactions.」「Another major concern associated with the widespread use of antibiotics is the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.」｜caveat: ⚠️ BACKGROUND statement reflecting general understanding when written; not a clinical guideline and not a patient rule. Cited only to explain that indications need individual assessment.
• F11｜Article 81 of Taiwan's Medical Care Act: when a medical-care institution diagnoses or treats a patient, it must inform the patient or legal agent, spouse, kin, or interested party about condition, treatment policy, procedure, medication, prognosis, and possible adverse reactions｜source #15｜confidence=verified｜basis=law｜period=current text (2026-08-06 live verified; anchor also checked in VERIFIED-FACTS)｜geo: TW｜span：「應向病人或其法定代理人、配偶、親屬或關係人告知其病情、治療方針、處置、用藥、預後情形及可能之不良反應」｜caveat: cited to explain that medication is a matter that must be explained, not legal advice on an individual case.
• F12｜Article 87 of Taiwan's Medical Care Act: advertising that implies or alludes to medical business is medical advertising; publication of medical knowledge or research reports, patient health education, and academic publications not involving solicitation of medical business are not medical advertising｜source #16｜confidence=verified｜basis=law｜period=current text (2026-08-06 live verified; both passages obtained)｜geo: TW｜span：「醫學新知或研究報告之發表、病人衛生教育、學術性刊物，未涉及招徠醫療業務者，不視為醫療廣告。」｜caveat: the basis for this card's self-positioning.
• F13｜Ministry of Health and Welfare Food and Drug Administration (published 2024-12-18): six early warning signs of drug allergy are skin rash, oral ulceration, throat pain, red swollen eyes, swollen lips, and fever; in addition to skin reactions, palpitations, difficulty breathing, marked unexplained fatigue, nausea, jaundice, or tea-coloured urine may be drug-allergy symptoms and signals for immediate care; symptoms may arise within days of medication or only after two to three months｜source #18｜confidence=verified｜basis=official_statement (central competent-authority public health education)｜period=2024-12-18 (verbatim live checked with ego-browser on 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜span：「藥品過敏的六大前兆為：皮膚出現紅「疹」、口腔出現潰「破」、喉嚨感到疼「痛」、眼睛變「紅」腫、嘴唇「腫」脹、身體出現發「燒」。」｜caveat: this is general drug-allergy education, not dental- or antibiotic-specific. Its list of suspected medicines in drug-relief cases contains concrete drug names, which this card intentionally does not reproduce.
• F14｜Ministry of Health and Welfare Food and Drug Administration (published 2025-07-23), “Four Don'ts and One Do for antibiotic use”: do not demand antibiotics; do not casually buy antibiotics yourself (consult clinicians and pharmacists before medicine); do not take another person's antibiotics (if a severe adverse reaction occurs after using another person's medicine, drug-injury relief cannot be applied for because it was not used properly and lawfully); do not casually stop medicine (complete the course and do not stop it yourself to avoid resistance; misuse, insufficient dose, or too short a course lets residual bacteria develop resistance); do follow medical directions (confirm reason, dose, frequency, and duration); it also says to watch for rash, diarrhoea, or another abnormal reaction and seek care immediately if one occurs｜source #17｜confidence=verified｜basis=official_statement (central competent-authority public health education)｜period=2025-07-23 (verbatim live checked with ego-browser on 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜span：「不隨便停藥-請完成療程切勿自行停藥，以避免造成抗藥性」「要遵守醫囑使用抗生素-應確認使用原因、使用劑量、頻次與療程天數」｜caveat: ⚠️ The original setting is medication safety for children's colds, not post-implant care. This card cites its cross-context principles only (do not stop yourself, take another person's medicine, or buy it yourself; follow directions) and does not extend children's-cold care to dentistry. The notice lists ingredient names of antibiotics commonly used in children, which this card intentionally does not reproduce. Individual drug-injury-relief determination is within the competent authority and Drug Relief Foundation; this card records the authority's words and gives no legal opinion.
• F15｜BMJ 2017 analysis: argued that the claim that stopping antibiotic treatment early encourages resistance is unsupported by evidence and that longer-than-necessary use increases resistance risk; it described then-current US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Public Health England public information as replacing “complete the course” with “exactly as prescribed”｜source #12｜confidence=moderate｜basis=expert_commentary (BMJ Analysis／PubMed pubtype=Editorial, not original research and not a clinical guideline)｜period=2017-07-26 (opening paragraphs publicly displayed on publisher page live checked with ego-browser on 2026-08-06)｜geo: universal｜span：「the idea that stopping antibiotic treatment early encourages antibiotic resistance is not supported by evidence, while taking antibiotics for longer than necessary increases the risk of resistance」「have replaced "complete the course" with messages advocating taking antibiotics "exactly as prescribed."」｜caveat: ⚠️ Three limits: (1) PubMed has no abstract; this span is from the opening paragraphs publicly displayed on the publisher page, while the rest is paywalled and was not obtained; (2) it is opinion analysis, not a study result and must not be used as clinical evidence; (3) its description of US CDC and Public Health England wording is its 2017 status, and this site did not separately verify their current pages. Used only to explain professional debate about public-health messaging on duration; it must not be read as a basis for patients to stop medicine on their own.
• F16｜National online survey (June 2024; 1,031 Malaysian adults; acute upper respiratory infection and sore-throat setting): unsafe behaviors included keeping leftover antibiotics 34% and stopping treatment early 45%｜source #11｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 41746560, cross-sectional online questionnaire)｜period=2026 (survey period 2024-06)｜geo: universal (study location: Malaysia, not Taiwan data)｜span：「Unsafe behaviors included keeping leftover antibiotics (34%) and stopping treatment early (45%).」｜caveat: ⚠️ Not dental, not Taiwan, self-reported online questionnaire with an online sample; must not estimate behavior proportion among Taiwan implant patients. This card cites only the direction that self-stopping is common.
• F17｜Systematic review: among allergic reactions related to dental care, it gave special attention to immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E and also considered delayed reactions mediated by sensitised T lymphocytes｜source #9｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 39954171, systematic review)｜period=2025｜geo: universal｜span：「special attention was paid to immediate hypersensitivity reactions mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)」「Delayed-type reactions mediated by sensitised T lymphocytes were also considered.」｜caveat: the paper lists concrete sensitizing substances and medicine names, which this card intentionally does not reproduce. It only establishes that dental settings include immediate and delayed reaction mechanisms and is not an individual risk estimate.
• F18｜Cohort study (US veterans): 108 people (0.05% of the cohort) developed Clostridioides difficile infection within 30 days of a dental antibiotic prescription; 80% received guideline-discordant antibiotics and half had chronic gastrointestinal illness that could exacerbate infection risk｜source #8｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 35188097, cohort-study research letter)｜period=2023｜geo: universal｜span：「Among 108 (0.05% of cohort) US veterans with a Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) within 30 days of a dental antibiotic prescription, 80% of patients received guideline-discordant antibiotics.」「Half had chronic gastrointestinal illness potentially exacerbating their CDI risk.」｜caveat: participants were US veterans (with a high male proportion), and dental prescriptions covered various dental procedures rather than implants only. The 30 days is the study observation window, not advice about any medication duration.
• F19｜Systematic review (20 randomized trials, included through 2021; mandibular third-molar extraction): no statistically significant difference in postoperative-complication proportions between treatment groups; antibiotic-related adverse events did not differ from placebo; current evidence was insufficient to recommend routine prophylactic antibiotics for healthy young people undergoing third-molar extraction; allergy risk and possible resistance make careful, prudent use necessary｜source #7｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 41019691, systematic review, PRISMA)｜period=2025 (included through 2021)｜geo: universal｜span：「The total 20 RCTs were included.」「However, there were no statistically significant differences in postoperative complication rates between the treatment groups.」「There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend standard antibiotic prophylaxis for healthy young individuals undergoing third molar extraction surgery.」「Additionally, antibiotic-related adverse events were not statistically different from those observed in placebo groups.」｜caveat: ⚠️ The setting is wisdom-tooth extraction, not implants. This card cites its risk discussion and evidence state and does not extend its conclusion to implants. Its abstract contains medicine names and a statement about “various doses and durations,” which this card intentionally does not reproduce. A Cochrane review for the extraction setting appears in card #1 F15; this card does not repeat it.
• F20｜Retrospective cohort (337 patients, 1,273 implants): postoperative infection was defined as purulent drainage and/or increasing pain and swelling in the operated area before prosthetic loading; 22 postoperative infections were recorded (6.5% of patients, 1.7% of implants), usually diagnosed within the first month, and 17 (77.3%) underwent surgery because drug treatment failed｜source #10｜confidence=moderate｜basis=peer_reviewed (PMID 26384096, single-university retrospective cohort)｜period=2015 (same anchor as card #47 F19, rechecked 2026-08-06)｜geo: universal｜span：「Postoperative infections were defined as the presence of purulent drainage and/or increasing pain and swelling in the operated area before prosthetic loading」「Twenty-two postoperative infections were recorded (6.5% of the patients and 1.7% of the implants)」「These complications were usually diagnosed within the first month, and in 17 cases (77.3%) surgical treatment was performed because of antibiotic therapy failure」｜caveat: cited for the operational definition of infection and the proportion needing surgery after drug treatment failed, supporting review rather than self-medication adjustment. The rate is a single-centre study figure, not an individual risk estimate.
• F21 [structural editorial item]｜Canonical division of work among related cards: implant workflow and timing belong to KM-DENTAL-25; postoperative pain and swelling grading and red flags to KM-DENTAL-47; postoperative diet to KM-DENTAL-20; bone-graft complications to KM-DENTAL-28; extraction-wound and extraction prophylactic-antibiotic evidence to KM-DENTAL-01; antibiotic position for gum swelling/pain and acute apical abscess to KM-DENTAL-05. Overlap is cross-referenced rather than rewritten｜confidence=n/a｜basis=editorial｜period=2026-08-06｜geo: TW｜caveat: editorial structure, not a factual claim and must not be marked pending verification.
• F22｜Topic-selection basis: full GSC reconciliation for 14 clinic assets; query “植牙抗生素要吃幾天” had 9,531 impressions, from one site｜source #20｜confidence=high｜basis=internal_dataset｜period=GSC retention window (from 2025-03-22)｜geo: TW｜caveat: impressions are property-level counts, not deduplicated traffic. This is internal data, not a medical claim; the whole item must be removed in publication conversion.
• F23 [structural editorial item]｜This card's editorial policy and framework comprise: (1) the red line against drug names, doses, durations, and administration methods; (2) the positioning sentence “this site cannot answer a duration; the prescribing clinician decides”; (3) the misreading safeguard “studies compare how clinicians prescribe, not what patients may stop”; (4) the 7-question communication framework; (5) the red-flag action to contact the prescribing institution rather than self-stop medicine; and (6) the neutrality statement for the attachment｜confidence=n/a｜basis=editorial｜period=2026-08-06｜geo: TW｜caveat: these are this site's editorial decisions and structure, not literature-derived thresholds or factual claims, and must not be marked pending verification (to avoid creating sham verification work).

Sources

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13. Taiwan Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, Article 50, Laws and Regulations Database. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0030001&flno=50 (2026-08-06 live-loaded with ego-browser; page title “Pharmaceutical Affairs Act §50—Laws and Regulations Database”; text obtained verbatim)
14. Taiwan Pharmaceutical Affairs Act, Articles 65 and 70, Laws and Regulations Database. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0030001&flno=65／https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0030001&flno=70 (2026-08-06 live-loaded with ego-browser; both provisions obtained verbatim)
15. Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 81, Laws and Regulations Database. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0020021&flno=81 (2026-08-06 live-loaded verbatim with ego-browser; anchor also checked in VERIFIED-FACTS). Official English edition: https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0020021
16. Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 87, Laws and Regulations Database. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0020021&flno=87 (2026-08-06 live-loaded verbatim with ego-browser; both passages obtained and anchor also checked in VERIFIED-FACTS). Official English edition: https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=L0020021
17. Ministry of Health and Welfare Food and Drug Administration, “Protecting Children's Medication Safety: Four Don'ts and One Do for Antibiotic Use,” record date 114-07-23. https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-83181-1.html (2026-08-06 live-loaded with ego-browser; page title and content obtained verbatim)
18. Ministry of Health and Welfare Food and Drug Administration, “Rash, sores, pain, redness, swelling, fever—recognizing warning signs of drug allergy,” record date 113-12-18. https://www.mohw.gov.tw/cp-16-80885-1.html (2026-08-06 live-loaded with ego-browser; page title and content obtained verbatim)
19. Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, “Guardian of everyone's health—correct antibiotic use,” published 2006/3/13, including “follow physician instructions to complete the whole course of treatment (do not stop on your own).” https://www.cdc.gov.tw/Category/ListContent/Hh094B49-DRwe2RR4eFfrQ?uaId=TZxg4Z3vfosiGsvOMKF5GA (2026-08-06 live-loaded verbatim with ego-browser. Published in 2006; this card does not use it as the primary anchor for current education, whose primary anchor is source 17.)
20. km dental topic-selection ledger: third clinic-supplement table in `km-production-queue.html` (query “植牙抗生素要吃幾天”, 9,531 total impressions, one site), data source = full GSC reconciliation for 14 clinic assets.
21. This site's editorial policy and structural framework (F21 and F23), basis=editorial, not an external factual source.

Internal citation chain

• Related workflow card: The Full Dental-Implant Process: What Stages Are There from Assessment to Crown? (KM-DENTAL-25, draft). It is the canonical card for implant workflow and timing and, under the same red line, deliberately excludes antibiotic reviews containing drug names and doses. This card takes the medication side and only addresses duration and self-stopping.
• Related pain card: Do Dental Implants Hurt? What Duration Is Normal and When Should I Return? (KM-DENTAL-47, draft). Its three-level grading and full red flags for pain and swelling are canonical; this card shares the postoperative-infection operational-definition anchor (PMID 26384096) but uses it for a different purpose.
• Related postoperative card: How Soon Can I Eat after an Implant? Can I Drink Coffee or Tea? (KM-DENTAL-20, draft). Postoperative diet and routine belong there and are not repeated here.
• Related bone-graft card: Can Bone-graft Material Have After-effects? What Happens if It Fails? (KM-DENTAL-28, draft). Bone-graft and sinus-floor-elevation complications, wound opening, exposed particles, and related red flags are canonical there; this card only addresses whether bone grafting may alter medication judgment.
• Evidence on prophylactic medication in the extraction setting: How Long Does an Extraction Wound Take to Heal? (KM-DENTAL-01, draft). Cochrane evidence for post-extraction prophylactic antibiotics and dry socket is there and is not repeated here.
• Antibiotic position for acute infection: My Gums Are Swollen: Do I Need Medicine or a Doctor? (KM-DENTAL-05, draft). The position on antibiotics and red-flag criteria for gum swelling/pain and acute apical abscess are canonical there.

Publication-gate reminder: this card is a draft. It must not enter km_entries until zh-Hans/en/ja exist. It includes red-flag criteria (drug-allergy warning signs and postoperative-infection trajectory) and, under the review-chain specification, needs a GM third opinion for high-risk cards before final review.