What is a dental crown? Can a missing tooth have a crown? First, is the root still there?｜證據鏈

What is a dental crown? Can a missing tooth have a crown? First, is the root still there?｜證據鏈

F-Units (fact-unit ledger)

每條標明來源、confidence、basis、期間、geo 與 caveat。basis 階梯：law ＞ official_statement ＞ clinical_guideline ＞ peer_reviewed ＞ textbook。

• F1｜confidence: high｜basis: internal_dataset (S22, not a medical claim)｜period: GSC retention window (from 2025-03-22)｜geo: TW｜Topic-selection basis = full reconciliation of search data across 14 clinic properties; 6 query terms spanning 2 properties, reconcilable line by line｜caveat: internal data; not carried into the visible layer at publication.
• F2｜confidence: n/a｜basis: structural synthesis (editorial framework, S23, not a factual claim)｜geo: universal｜The scope boundary of this card (this card = terminology and applicable situations; the itemised cost breakdown and material-specific data belong to KM-DENTAL-11, the three-way triage of fixed dentures to KM-DENTAL-03, the disambiguation of terms to KM-DENTAL-08, and the consequences of leaving a gap untreated to KM-DENTAL-34), the "what you might call it / what the receipt says / what the literature calls it" terminology-mapping structure, and the framing question "for a missing tooth, ask what it will be supported by" are all explanatory structures defined editorially by this site, not external facts. Reading 「鑲牙」 as a colloquial umbrella term is likewise this site’s terminological organisation, not an official classification.
• F3｜confidence: n/a｜basis: statement of evidence gaps (editorial, not a pending-verification claim)｜geo: universal｜This search did not obtain citable evidence for the following, so this card does not state them: ① any amount, range, or going rate; ② an individual prediction of how many years a crown or denture will last; ③ survival statistics for crowns / bridges / removable dentures from Taiwan itself; ④ official Chinese statutory definitions of the terms 「牙冠」「牙橋」「義齒」 (the approved fee schedule provides item names and billing units, not definitional provisions); ⑤ head-to-head randomised controlled trials between the three ways of restoring a missing tooth.
• F4｜confidence: high｜basis: law（S15）｜period: 現行條文（2026-08-06 curl 實測 HTTP 200，條文逐字比對）｜geo: TW｜醫療法第 21 條。逐字 span：「醫療機構收取醫療費用之標準，由直轄市、縣（市）主管機關核定之。」
• F5｜confidence: high｜basis: law（S16）｜period: 現行條文（2026-08-06 curl 實測 HTTP 200，條文逐字比對）｜geo: TW｜醫療法第 81 條。逐字 span：「醫療機構診治病人時，應向病人或其法定代理人、配偶、親屬或關係人告知其病情、治療方針、處置、用藥、預後情形及可能之不良反應。」
• F6｜confidence: high｜basis: law（S17）｜period: 現行條文（2026-08-06 curl 實測 HTTP 200，第 2 項逐字比對）｜geo: TW｜醫療法第 87 條第 2 項，本卡合規註記之定位依據。逐字 span：「醫學新知或研究報告之發表、病人衛生教育、學術性刊物，未涉及招徠醫療業務者，不視為醫療廣告。」
• F7｜confidence: high｜basis: law（S18）｜period: 現行條文（2026-08-06 curl 實測 HTTP 200，第 11 款逐字比對）｜geo: TW｜全民健康保險法第 51 條第 11 款。逐字 span：「義齒、義眼、眼鏡、助聽器、輪椅、拐杖及其他非具積極治療性之裝具。」
• F8｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement（S19）｜period: 109 年 1 月 17 日核定（核定字號北市衛醫字第 1093010058 號）；PDF 2026-08-06 實測下載 HTTP 200、411,466 bytes、pdftotext -layout 逐字比對｜geo: TW｜臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表「贋復牙科」分類下的冠類項目名稱與計價單位。逐字 span（項目名稱與單位）：「鑄造冠」「鑲面鑄造冠」「金屬瓷冠(PFM-陶瓷熔附金屬全冠)」「全瓷牙冠」「治療性暫時冠」，單位皆為「每顆牙」；公告內容欄逐字：「本項費用包含基本印模、調整及操作技術費用。」「本項費用包含牙體技術師/士費用。」｜caveat: 僅臺北市一縣市之核定版本，其他縣市另行公告；本站不轉載表內任何金額；項目名稱屬收費分類，非醫學定義條文。擷取方式聲明：該表為 PDF 表格，項目名稱在文字層依欄寬換行（例：「金屬瓷冠」與「(PFM-陶瓷熔」「附金屬全冠)」分屬三行，中間夾雜其他欄位文字），本卡所列為還原同一儲存格後的完整項目名稱，各片段已於 2026-08-06 逐段以 grep -F 對 pdftotext -layout 全文比對命中；以整串直接 grep 會因換行而查無，不代表不符。
• F9｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement（S19）｜period: 同 F8｜geo: TW｜同一份收費標準表中，缺牙相關項目的名稱與計價單位與冠類不同。項目名稱：「粘性牙橋(Maryland bridge)」單位「每組」；「單側合金鑄造局部活動義齒」「雙側合金鑄造局部活動義齒」單位「每單顎」；「單顎全義齒」「雙顎全義齒」單位「每組」｜caveat: 同 F8（含擷取方式聲明：本條的「粘性牙橋(Maryland bridge)」「單側／雙側合金鑄造局部活動義齒」在文字層亦為換行儲存格，已逐段比對命中）；本卡僅以項目與單位之差異說明處置不同，未引用任何金額。
• F10｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement（S19）｜period: 同 F8｜geo: TW｜柱心與黏著為獨立收費項目。項目名稱：「鑄造牙柱心」「現成牙柱心」單位「每支」；「固定假牙粘著(每支台齒)」單位「每顆牙」｜caveat: 同 F8（含擷取方式聲明：「固定假牙粘著」與「(每支台齒)」在文字層分屬兩行，已逐段比對命中）。
• F11｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement（S19）｜period: 同 F8｜geo: TW｜植牙贋復與支台齒為分列事項。項目名稱「人工植牙贋復處置費」單位「每顆牙」，公告內容欄「贋復體裝戴及調整技術費，不包含特殊材質支台齒、特殊材料費等等」｜caveat: 同 F8（含擷取方式聲明：項目名稱與公告內容欄在文字層均換行，已逐段比對命中，切點為「…特殊／材料費等等。」）；本條僅說明官方項目結構，不涉植牙適應症判斷；正文由此讀出的「贋復體之外還有支台齒」屬結構推讀，已於正文標明並掛 F2。
• F12｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement（S20）｜period: 2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實測可達（詮釋資料更新時間 2026-07-13）｜geo: TW｜政府資料開放平臺資料集「臺北市醫療收費標準」，提供機關「臺北市政府衛生局」。逐字 span（頁面）：「臺北市醫療收費標準 ｜ 政府資料開放平臺」「提供機關 臺北市政府衛生局」。
• F13｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review，PMID 37455556）｜period: 檢索 2022-10，2024 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「To evaluate the survival rate of full-coverage tooth-supported fixed prosthetic restorations, single crowns (SCs), and fixed dental prostheses (FDPs)」「clinical human studies on full-coverage SCs and FDPs supported by vital and/or non-vital abutments and/or a combination of both」「Within the limitations of the study, tooth vitality is suggested to contribute positively to the survival of SCs and FDPs.」｜caveat: 本卡僅取其「全覆蓋修復體由支台齒支撐」之類別描述與活髓結論，未引用其各次群組存活率數值；納入研究以觀察性為主，作者載明受研究數量與未控制之臨床變項限制。2026-08-06 檢索未見更新版。
• F14｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 38272437）｜period: 2024 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「Twenty-seven studies underwent qualitative analysis, 26 of which were included in the meta-analysis.」「Direct restorations without cuspal coverage for CT-VDP increased the risk ratio (RR) of pulpal complications (RR=3.2, 95 % CI: 1.51-6.82, p = 0.002) and tooth extraction (RR=8.1, 95 % CI: 1.05-62.5, p = 0.045) compared with full-crown restorations.」「The CT-RCT without full-crown restorations had an 11.3-fold higher risk of tooth extraction than the CT-RCT with full-crown restorations (p < 0.001).」「Monitoring without restorative treatments might be an option for the CT without any symptoms.」｜caveat: 族群限定＝齒裂牙（CT-VDP＝保有活髓者、CT-RCT＝已根管治療者），不可外推到所有牙齒；納入研究以 Newcastle-Ottawa 量表評估、屬觀察性設計；拔牙風險比之信賴區間極寬（1.05 至 62.5），估計不精確；原文就已根管治療之齒裂牙寫的是 11.3-fold higher risk（見上列 span），本卡依風險比之通行讀法譯為：拔牙風險為有做全冠者的 11.3 倍，未改變原文口徑。版本時效查核（2026-08-06）：以齒裂＋SR/MA 檢索 2024–2026 刊期，較新者（PMID 40653156 夾板固定、40581327 分階段修復）處理的是不同臨床問題，未見取代本篇之更新版。
• F15｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed（Cochrane systematic review，PMID 26403154）｜period: 2015 更新版（pub3），檢索至 2015-03｜geo: universal｜span: 「We included one trial, which was judged to be at high risk of performance, detection and attrition bias.」「There was no clear difference between the crown and composite group and the composite only group for non-catastrophic failures of the restoration」「The quality of the evidence for these outcomes is very low.」「There is insufficient evidence to assess the effects of crowns compared to conventional fillings for the restoration of root-filled teeth.」｜caveat: 版本時效查核（2026-08-06）：以原文標題檢索共 3 筆（2012 初版、2015 更新版 pub3、2016 年評論文），未見更新版，本卡引用者即現行版本；但其檢索窗停在 2015 年，須與 F14、F16 的較新回顧並讀。pubtype 已查，無撤回標記。
• F16｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 38949036）｜period: 2024 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「The pooled survival rates at 4-7 years and 8-20 years of root-filled posterior teeth regardless of tooth type was 91% (95% CI, 0.85; 0.95) and 87% (95% CI, 0.77; 0.93), respectively.」「The prognostic tooth-related factors mentioned in the included studies were (i) remaining coronal tooth structure, (ii) ferrule, (iii) crown-to-root ratio (iv) tooth type and location (v) periodontal disease (vi) proximal contacts and (vii) cracks.」｜caveat: 納入研究多為回溯性設計；預後因素部分為敘述性整理、非統合估計。與 KM-DENTAL-11 同錨。
• F17｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 34530058）｜period: 檢索 2021-07，2021 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「Failures for 0 remaining walls were 23% (95% CI = 10% - 36%) and for one remaining wall 15% (CI: 3% -26%), irrespective of follow-up times.」｜caveat: 族群限定＝以纖維柱心加單顆牙冠修復之根管治療後牙齒，不可外推到所有牙冠；本卡僅摘述其存在與方向，未在正文引用該數字，完整讀法 canonical 在 KM-DENTAL-11。
• F18｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 41489982）｜period: 2026 刊出，檢索窗 2014–2024｜geo: universal｜span: 「Lithium-disilicate and zirconia-based all-ceramic SCs achieve five-year survival rates comparable to metal-ceramic crowns.」｜caveat: 族群層級之五年估計，不可外推為個人預後；本卡不列各材質數值，材質比較 canonical 在 KM-DENTAL-11；本條在本卡僅作為「材質數據另有專卡」之指向依據。
• F19｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 41650383）｜period: 檢索 2014-01 至 2024-12，2026-02-06 線上先行刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「In total, 41 studies, including 600 metal-ceramic and 1,532 all-ceramic FDPs, met the inclusion criteria.」「The 5-year survival rates were 92.9% for veneered densely sintered zirconia, 91.3% for metal-ceramic, 88.4% for glass-infiltrated alumina, 87.9% for monolithic densely sintered zirconia, and 82.5% for lithium disilicate-reinforced glass-ceramic FDPs.」「Overall, 71.0% of restorations remained complicationfree after 5 years.」「All-ceramic FDPs had higher rates of marginal caries and loss of retention than metalceramic FDPs.」｜caveat: 線上先行刊出版（online ahead of print），頁碼未定；為牙支撐多單位牙橋之族群估計，與本卡其他選項之數字來自不同回顧，不構成頭對頭比較。版本時效查核（2026-08-06）：本篇為該系列現行版本（2026 年更新），2015 年 Part II（PMID 25935732）已被其涵蓋，故本卡不引用舊版數值。pubtype 已查，無撤回標記。
• F20｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 34642991）｜period: 檢索至 2020-09，2021 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「evaluating the outcome of veneered and/or monolithic all-ceramic SCs supported by titanium dental implants」「Veneered SCs showed significantly (p = 0.017) higher annual ceramic chipping rates (1.65%) compared with monolithic SCs (0.39%).」「With the exception of RMC SCs, veneered and monolithic implant-supported ceramic SCs showed favorable short-term survival and complication rates.」｜caveat: 本卡未在正文引用其存活率數值，僅取「植體支撐單冠自成一類」與「短期表現」之定性結論；原文自述為短期資料（追蹤 ≥1 年）；植牙本身的適應症、外科與費用變因不在本卡範圍。
• F21｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（narrative review，PMID 30178552）｜period: 2018 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「Implants are supposed to replace missing teeth - they are not supposed to replace teeth.」｜caveat: 敘述性回顧（Review pubtype），該句為作者之治療規劃立場陳述，非統合分析結果；本卡僅用以說明該立場所指的定位（植體取代的是失去的牙，而非取代仍在的牙），不作為任何療效或優劣宣稱。
• F22｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 39043477）｜period: 檢索 2024-04，2025 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「A 5-year survival rate of 95.1% (ER=0.951; 95% CI=0.900 to 0.977; P<.001) and 91.7% (ER=0.917; 95% CI=0.870 to 0.948; P<.001) was found for cast-clasp RPD and RPDs retained by telescopic crowns respectively, with no difference between them (P=.71).」「Abutments (OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.32 to 3.01; P=.001) and nonvital teeth (HR=2.961; 95% CI=2.023 to 4.335; P<.001) presented a higher risk of extraction after 5 years.」｜caveat: 納入研究含隨機與非隨機設計、偏誤風險低至中等；族群平均年齡約 60 歲；本卡僅引用鑄造牙鉤式之 5 年存活與支台齒拔除風險，未引用其牙周指標數值。與 KM-DENTAL-13 同族，費用面歸該卡。
• F23｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（prospective cohort，PMID 21902708）｜period: 12 年追蹤，2012 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「unopposed molars showed 4·9 times higher risk of overeruption of ≥2 mm (95% CI 1·5-15·3)」「Molars facing a mesial edentulous space showed a low risk for mesial tipping」｜caveat: 292 位女性之前瞻性族群研究，全女性樣本，不可外推為全人口；本卡未在正文引用其數值，僅作方向性摘述，完整數據 canonical 在 KM-DENTAL-34。與該卡同錨。
• F24｜confidence: high｜basis: clinical_guideline（2017 World Workshop 委託之敘述性回顧，PMID 29926939）｜period: 2018 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「Placement of restoration margins within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with gingival inflammation and, potentially, recession.」「Procedures adopted for the fabrication of dental restorations and fixed prostheses have the potential to cause traumatic loss of periodontal supporting tissues.」「Hypersensitivity reactions can occur to dental materials.」｜caveat: 敘述性回顧，非統合分析；與 KM-DENTAL-03、KM-DENTAL-11 同錨。
• F25｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，觀察性研究，PMID 34516686）｜period: 檢索至 2021-01，2022 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「The meta-analysis revealed clinical and radiographic success rate ranging between 92% to 98% at different follow up periods ranging between 5 years and 20 years.」「Future high-quality randomized clinical controlled trials with a larger population are required to confirm the evidence as only observational studies were considered in this paper.」｜caveat: 僅納入觀察性研究、異質性高；成功率之定義為牙髓與根尖狀態，非修復體本身存活。與 KM-DENTAL-11 同錨。
• F26｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review，未做統合分析，PMID 37549135）｜period: 檢索 1946 至 2022-04，2024 刊出｜geo: universal｜span: 「The data suggest that the use of onlays instead of full veneer crowns in the restoration of endodontically treated posterior teeth is favourable in the short to midterm.」｜caveat: 以區間表列不同研究結果、未做統合估計；本卡未引用其存活率數值，完整讀法 canonical 在 KM-DENTAL-11。
• F27｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement（S21，跨卡已驗事實，同錨）｜period: 2026-08-05 以 ego-browser 實測（OP 複驗）｜geo: TW｜健保署「醫材比價網」兩個查詢軌之品項分類皆不含牙科，頁面全文無「牙」字。caveat: 本卡未重複實測，沿用 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md 與 KM-DENTAL-03 卡之紀錄；官方資料庫可能更新，引用時請註明查證日期。

How to find a clinic that provides this service

This site lists no clinics and does not recommend, rate or compare any medical institution.

To find a clinic that provides this service, use the following official lookup channels yourself —

they are maintained by the competent authorities and are more current than any list:

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- The Ministry of Health and Welfare's medical-institution lookup: search by city or county,

township and specialty (dentistry) for institutions that have completed practice registration.

The results show the institution's name, address and registered specialty. This is the first place

to confirm whether a clinic is lawfully registered.

- The National Health Insurance Administration's contracted-institution lookup: check whether a

clinic is under contract with National Health Insurance. This determines which items are covered

and which are self-paid, and therefore what kind of fee explanation you will be given.

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Both systems are on the respective authorities' official websites; searching for the

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In an emergency, do not spend time looking up lists. If your breathing, swallowing or speech is

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Chinese labels to look for on the official pages

These official systems, datasets and files are published in Chinese only. The English names above are this site's renderings; on the page itself you will see the following strings, so search for these:

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- 「醫事機構查詢」

- 「特約醫事機構查詢」

- 「特約院所查詢」

Compliance note

This article is health education information under Article 87 of Taiwan's Medical Care Act [F6]. It is not medical advertising, it does not recommend any particular institution, and it gives no amounts or price ranges. Crowns involve irreversible removal of tooth structure; bridges require preparation of the abutment teeth; implants involve a surgical procedure; and removable dentures depend on the abutment teeth and the denture-bearing ridge. Each carries medical risks and contraindications, and pulpal symptoms, ceramic chipping, loss of retention, marginal caries, increased load on abutment teeth, or gingival inflammation may occur. The actual treatment and its outcome vary between individuals and must be assessed by a dentist. The decision factors organised in this card are for use in conversation with your dentist and cannot replace a clinical diagnosis. This article also gives no legal opinion on insurance claims or contract terms; such questions are governed by your own policy and contract terms.

Sources

• S1 Hawthan M, Larsson C, Chrcanovic BR. Survival of fixed prosthetic restorations on vital and nonvital teeth: A systematic review. J Prosthodont. 2024;33(2):110-122. PMID 37455556. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37455556（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S2 Zhang S, Xu Y, Ma Y, et al. The treatment outcomes of cracked teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2024;142:104843. PMID 38272437. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38272437（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S3 Sequeira-Byron P, Fedorowicz Z, Carter B, et al. Single crowns versus conventional fillings for the restoration of root-filled teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(9):CD009109. PMID 26403154. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26403154（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上；版本查核見 F15）
• S4 Patel SR, Jarad F, Moawad E, et al. The tooth survival of non-surgical root-filled posterior teeth and the associated prognostic tooth-related factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Endod J. 2024;57(10):1404-1421. PMID 38949036. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38949036（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S5 AlSaleh E, Dutta A, Dummer PMH, et al. Influence of remaining axial walls on of root filled teeth restored with a single crown and adhesively bonded fibre post: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2021;114:103813. PMID 34530058. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34530058（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S6 Pjetursson BE, Pitta J, Balet A, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Evaluating the Survival, Failure, and Complication Rates of Metal-Ceramic, Veneered, and Monolithic All-Ceramic Tooth-Supported Single Crowns-Part 1. Int J Prosthodont. 2026;39(3):308-324. PMID 41489982. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41489982（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S7 Romandini P, Pjetursson BE, Pitta J, et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating the Survival, the Failure and the Complication Rates of Metal-Ceramic, Veneered and Monolithic All-Ceramic Tooth-Supported Multiple-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses (FDPs). Int J Prosthodont. 2026 Feb 6（online ahead of print）. PMID 41650383. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41650383（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S8 Pjetursson BE, Sailer I, Latyshev A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the survival, the failure, and the complication rates of veneered and monolithic all-ceramic implant-supported single crowns. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2021;32 Suppl 21:254-288. PMID 34642991. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34642991（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S9 Pjetursson BE, Heimisdottir K. Dental implants - are they better than natural teeth? Eur J Oral Sci. 2018;126 Suppl 1:81-87. PMID 30178552. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30178552（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S10 Drummond LB, Bezerra AP, Feldmann A, Gonçalves TMSV. Long-term assessment of the periodontal health of removable partial denture wearers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(5):1664-1685. PMID 39043477. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043477（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S11 Lindskog-Stokland B, Hansen K, Tomasi C, Hakeberg M, Wennström JL. Changes in molar position associated with missing opposed and/or adjacent tooth: a 12-year study in women. J Oral Rehabil. 2012;39(2):136-43. PMID 21902708. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21902708（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上；與 KM-DENTAL-34 同錨）
• S12 Ercoli C, Caton JG. Dental prostheses and tooth-related factors. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S223-S236. PMID 29926939. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29926939（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S13 Kohli S, Bhatia S, Al-Haddad A, Pulikkotil SJ, Jamayet NB. Pulpal and Periapical Status of the Vital Teeth Used as Abutment for Fixed Prosthesis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Prosthodont. 2022;31(2):102-114. PMID 34516686. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516686（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S14 Lane J, Sadeghzadeh-Araghi A, Jackson G, Bonsor S. Survival and Success Rates of Endodontically Treated Teeth Restored with Full Veneer Crowns or Full Cuspal Coverage onlays: A Systematic Review. Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2024;32(1):45-55. PMID 37549135. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37549135（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字對得上）
• S15 醫療法 第 21 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=21（取用 2026-08-06，curl 實測 HTTP 200，條文逐字對得上）
• S16 醫療法 第 81 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=81（取用 2026-08-06，curl 實測 HTTP 200，條文逐字對得上）
• S17 醫療法 第 87 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=87（取用 2026-08-06，curl 實測 HTTP 200，第 2 項逐字對得上）
• S18 全民健康保險法 第 51 條（全國法規資料庫）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0060001 flno=51（取用 2026-08-06，curl 實測 HTTP 200，第 11 款逐字對得上）
• S19 臺北市政府衛生局－收費標準：「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」(1090117核定)，核定字號北市衛醫字第 1093010058 號。health.gov.taipei 收費標準頁（取用 2026-08-06，ego-browser 實載、頁面標題逐字對得上；所附 PDF 經 www-ws.gov.taipei 下載 HTTP 200、411,466 bytes，以 pdftotext -layout 抽取全文，本卡引用之項目名稱、單位與公告內容欄文字均逐字比對）
• S20 政府資料開放平臺 資料集 121913「臺北市醫療收費標準」。data.gov.tw/dataset/121913（取用 2026-08-06，ego-browser 實載，標題與提供機關逐字對得上）
• S21 衛生福利部中央健康保險署「醫材比價網」兩查詢軌之品項分類（跨卡已驗事實，同錨）。info.nhi.gov.tw INAE2000/INAE2010S01（2026-08-05 由 KM-DENTAL-03 卡以 ego-browser 實測並經 OP 複驗，紀錄見 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md；本卡未重複實測）
• S22 內部資料：`analysis/reports/km-dental-backlog.md` 第 23 題附錄（14 診所站 GSC 全量，資料窗 2025-03～2026-08），6 詞項跨 2 站，逐筆可對帳。非醫學事實 basis，僅為選題依據，發布時不進可見層。
• S23 編輯框架（無外部來源）：本卡的分工邊界、名詞對照結構與提問框架，見 F2、F3。

Internal citation chain

• 費用與材質的 canonical 卡（必讀）：做一顆牙冠（假牙牙套）要多少錢？先看懂報價單（KM-DENTAL-11，草稿）。兩卡的邊界：本卡管「牙冠是什麼、什麼情況適用、缺牙為何不能只做牙套」；該卡管「單顆牙冠的報價六塊拆項、環箍與剩餘齒質的量化判斷、各材質五年存活率與併發症、部分覆蓋的完整讀法」。本卡對材質（F18）、剩餘牙壁（F17）、onlay（F26）只留一句摘述並指向該卡，不重寫其數據；兩卡共用同一組台灣制度錨（醫療法第 21、81 條、健保法第 51 條）與 F16、F24、F25 三條文獻錨，法條與英文 span 逐字一致。
• 固定假牙的三分流與牙橋費用：做一顆固定假牙要多少錢？先分清楚你要做的是牙冠還是牙橋（KM-DENTAL-03，草稿）。本卡「缺牙的三條路」只講各自靠什麼撐、附族群估計；牙橋的費用結構與臨時假牙的臨床試驗數據在該卡。
• 詞義分流卡：「牙套」要多少錢？先分清楚你問的是矯正牙套還是假牙牙冠（KM-DENTAL-08，草稿）。若你搜尋「牙套」其實是想問矯正器，請從該卡開始。
• 缺牙不補會怎樣：臼齒拔掉可以不補嗎？會怎樣？（KM-DENTAL-34，草稿）。本卡 F23 的方向性摘述，完整數據與判斷在該卡，兩卡同錨。
• 活動假牙這一條路：活動假牙要多少錢？（KM-DENTAL-13，草稿）。本卡只講它靠支台齒與齒床支撐；種類、費用與適應在該卡。
• 修磨較少的牙橋變形：黏著式（馬里蘭）牙橋是什麼？適合誰？（KM-DENTAL-22，草稿）。本卡 F9 引用的官方項目「粘性牙橋(Maryland bridge)」即該卡主題。
• 齒質高度不足時的前置處置：牙冠增長術是什麼？費用、保險、會不會痛（KM-DENTAL-17，草稿）。