⚠️ 「Five Freedoms」与「Five Domains」是两套不同框架,本表为整合表述;正式引用请核对原始文献。✅ 存在·已验:Five Freedoms 由英国 Farm Animal Welfare Council(FAWC,1979年设立)提出,该机构已停止运作、职能移转至英国政府的动物福利咨询机制。列为【需白名单来源补证:建议取 gov.uk 官方公告】。Five Freedoms 由 FAWC 提出这件事本身不受影响(该框架广泛见于同行评审文献),但引用机构沿革年份前须以 gov.uk 原始公告核实;Five Domains Model 由 Mellor DJ 等提出,具多篇可查证同行评审文献,如 Mellor DJ (2017) "Operational Details of the Five Domains Model and Its Key Applications to the Assessment and Management of Animal Welfare." *Animals*, 7(8):60, DOI: 10.3390/ani7080060, ISSN 2076-2615;Mellor DJ et al. (2020) "The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human–Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare." *Animals*, 10(10):1870, DOI: 10.3390/ani10101870(Crossref API 查证,2026-07-30)。原始教材未提供任何福利框架内容。
5.2 正常行为与品种差异
行为
正常样貌
品种/族群差异
睡眠
每日睡眠时间长,且分段(幼犬与老犬更长)
睡眠时打鼾、张口睡、需坐着睡 → 短吻犬的病态信号,不是萌
嗅闻探索
散步时停下嗅闻是主要的心理丰富化
猎犬与嗅觉工作犬需求最高;「拉着快走完」=剥夺
咀嚼
需要合法的咀嚼出口
幼犬换牙期、㹴犬类需求高
挖掘/追逐/牧羊/叼咬
品种天性,不是坏习惯
牧羊犬追车追小孩、猎犬追猫、猎鸟犬叼东西 → 用替代活动疏导
社会行为
对人与(部分)对同种友善需经社会化建立
社会化敏感期在幼犬早期(3–8 周龄聚焦其他犬只、5–12 周龄转向对人社会化,对新事物的接受度延续至约 16–20 周龄;Merck Vet Manual:「Dogs are most receptive to learning how to deal with new situations until about 16 to 20 weeks of age」「Dogs that are kept exclusively kenneled or not exposed to people by 14 weeks of age may have severely undeveloped social skills」merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/behavior-of-dogs/normal-social-behavior-in-dogs,,错过的补救成本很高