How Much Do Removable Dentures Cost? First Identify the Type and What Counts as One Denture｜證據鏈

How Much Do Removable Dentures Cost? First Identify the Type and What Counts as One Denture｜證據鏈

F-Units (fact-unit ledger)

Each item identifies its source(s), confidence, basis, period, geographic scope, verbatim source span, and caveat. Basis hierarchy: law > official_statement > clinical_guideline > peer_reviewed > textbook.

• F1｜sources: S24｜confidence: high｜basis: internal_dataset (non-medical basis)｜period: data window 2025-03 through 2026-08｜geo: TW｜span: The 13 query terms for this topic total 235,390 impressions across 3 sites; each record is auditable.｜caveat: Used only for topic and query selection, never as medical or cost evidence.
• F2｜sources: S1｜confidence: high｜basis: law｜period: current text (HTTP 200 checked 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 21.｜span: Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 21: “Standards for medical care fees collected by medical care institutions shall be approved by the competent authority of the special municipality or county (city).”｜caveat:
• F3｜sources: S2｜confidence: high｜basis: law｜period: current text (HTTP 200 checked 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 22.｜span: Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 22: “When collecting medical care fees, a medical care institution shall issue a receipt stating the charge items and amounts. A medical care institution shall not violate fee standards by overcharging or establishing unauthorized charge items.”｜caveat:
• F4｜sources: S3｜confidence: high｜basis: law｜period: current text (HTTP 200 checked 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 81.｜span: Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 81: “When a medical care institution diagnoses or treats a patient, it shall inform the patient or the patient’s legal representative, spouse, relative, or related person of the condition, treatment policy, procedures, medication, prognosis, and possible adverse reactions.”｜caveat:
• F5｜sources: S25｜confidence: high｜basis: law｜period: current text (HTTP 200 checked 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 87, paragraph 2, the legal basis for this card’s compliance position.｜span: Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 87, paragraph 2: “The publication of medical knowledge or research reports, patient health education, and academic publications that do not involve solicitation of medical business shall not be deemed medical advertising.”｜caveat:
• F6｜sources: S4｜confidence: high｜basis: law｜period: current text (HTTP 200 checked 2026-08-06)｜geo: TW｜Taiwan National Health Insurance Act, Article 51, Item 11. Same verified anchor as KM-DENTAL-32.｜span: Taiwan National Health Insurance Act, Article 51, Item 11: “Dentures, artificial eyes, spectacles, hearing aids, wheelchairs, crutches, and other devices that are not for active treatment.”｜caveat:
• F7｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: approved 1090117; PDF downloaded 2026-08-06, HTTP 200, 411,466 bytes, 21 pages, text checked with pdftotext｜geo: TW｜span: Official Taipei fee-item names and units for removable partial and temporary removable dentures: one-sided and two-sided cast-alloy removable partial dentures are per arch; one-sided and two-sided temporary wire dentures are per set.｜caveat: One approved Taipei City version only; other counties/cities publish separately. No table amount is reproduced.；the approval number “北市衛醫字第1093010058號” was verified verbatim against the fee-standard PDF (retrieved 2026-08-08, HTTP 200, 411,466 bytes, 21 pages, text layer via pdftotext -layout)
• F8｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: same as F7｜geo: TW｜span: Official item names and units for complete removable dentures: single-arch and double-arch complete dentures, and single-arch and double-arch temporary complete dentures, are all per set.｜caveat:
• F9｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: same as F7｜geo: TW｜span: Official flexible-resin removable-denture categories: flexible removable denture (one-sided and 3 teeth or fewer) and flexible removable denture (two-sided or 4 teeth or more), both per set; the notice states that differences depend on flexible-resin type and fabrication method.｜caveat:
• F10｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: same as F7｜geo: TW｜span: Within the removable-denture-related item group, the per-tooth items are “each additional artificial tooth” (an add-on) and “denture repair”; the notice states that both vary by artificial-tooth material.｜caveat: The complete table also includes crowns, fillings, and other per-tooth items. This statement is only about the removable-denture-related group and must not be read as the only two per-tooth items in the whole table.
• F11｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: same as F7｜geo: TW｜span: Official inclusions and exclusions: partial, complete, and flexible dentures include basic impressions, adjustment, and clinical technical work; exclude examination fees; special instruments/equipment may be separately charged; and include dental-technician fees. “Oral prosthetic treatment plan” per visit includes study casts of both arches, face-bow transfer, occlusal analysis, and occlusal-plane analysis but excludes dental-technician fees; “diagnostic cast” per visit is separate.｜caveat:
• F12｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: same as F7｜geo: TW｜span: Official sources of charge variation: bilateral cast-alloy removable partial dentures vary by casting alloy, impression method, and occlusal design; single-/double-arch complete dentures by impression method, occlusal design, base and artificial-tooth materials; relines by partial versus complete denture and reline material.｜caveat:
• F13｜sources: S16｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: same as F7｜geo: TW｜span: Separate maintenance and add-on items: denture reline per arch (excluding dental-technician fee), laboratory-processed reline per arch (including it), self-curing-resin denture-base repair per arch per occasion, denture repair per tooth, tissue conditioning with temporary soft liner per arch per occasion, additional bar or palatal-bar attachment per set, metal reinforcing mesh per arch, precision attachment per set, and cast bar (or reinforcing mesh) for complete overdenture per set.｜caveat:
• F14｜sources: S20｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: OP browser check 2026-08-05; verified cross-card fact｜geo: TW｜span: Neither query track of the NHIA Medical Device Price Comparison Website includes dentistry: 12 balance-billing categories and 8 medical-device-fee categories, with no dentistry term in the full page text. Same anchor as KM-DENTAL-03 F17.｜caveat:　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「醫材比價網」]
• F15｜sources: S17｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: HTTP 200 checked 2026-08-06｜geo: TW｜span: The Government Open Data Platform dataset “Taipei City Medical Fee Standards” (dataset 121913) links to the S16 page.｜caveat:　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「臺北市醫療收費標準」]
• F16｜sources: S22｜confidence: high｜basis: official_statement｜period: page data updated 115-05-29; checked in-browser and read verbatim 2026-08-06｜geo: TW｜span: Taipei’s denture subsidy for low- and middle-income older adults has three types—removable dentures, fixed dentures, and removable-denture repair. Eligible city-registered status groups have age thresholds of 55 or 65 years. The notice says that contiguous posterior missing teeth exceeding three, including three, receive only a removable-denture subsidy; the same tooth position cannot receive a removable/fixed-denture device subsidy again within 5 years from completion; and a subsidized removable denture cannot receive repair expense during its 1-year warranty. Required documents are announced annually.｜caveat: This card reproduces no subsidy amount. It is a Taipei-only example; other counties/cities differ. The posterior-missing-teeth rule is an administrative subsidy rule, not a clinical indication. A same-type central-program name could not be verified because www.sfaa.gov.tw timed out by curl and browser on 2026-08-06, so no central-program name is cited.
• F17｜sources: S14｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed (systematic review and meta-analysis; PMID 39043477)｜period: 2025-11 issue; database search 2024-04; rechecked in PubMed for this clinical question on 2026-08-06, with no newer systematic review found; this is the current version｜geo: universal｜Five-year survival and residual-periodontal status for removable partial dentures.｜span: 「A total of 5577 records were identified, and 46 studies covering data from 4359 prostheses and 4072 participants (mean age 60 ±5.2 years) were included.」「A 5-year survival rate of 95.1% (ER=0.951; 95% CI=0.900 to 0.977; P<.001) and 91.7% (ER=0.917; 95% CI=0.870 to 0.948; P<.001) was found for cast-clasp RPD and RPDs retained by telescopic crowns respectively, with no difference between them (P=.71).」「Abutments (OR=1.99, 95% CI=1.32 to 3.01; P=.001) and nonvital teeth (HR=2.961; 95% CI=2.023 to 4.335; P<.001) presented a higher risk of extraction after 5 years.」「Tooth mobility (P=.98) and probing depth (P=.50) remained unchanged, while the gingival index increased」｜caveat: Included studies had low-to-moderate risk of bias according to the authors; population-level results cannot determine an individual prognosis.
• F18｜sources: S18｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (retrospective cohort; PMID 39029614)｜period: 2024-09 issue; data 2010–2021; median follow-up 21.8 months｜geo: universal｜Median survival of metal- and resin-based removable partial dentures and association with maintenance.｜span: 「Metal-based RPDs had a median survival of 73 months」「versus 45 months」「the lifespans of RPDs were longer amongst patients receiving more maintenance care」「Metal-based dentures, dual arch restoration, and increased maintenance positively impact the survival of RPDs.」｜caveat: Single-healthcare-system electronic-record retrospective data, not random assignment; material choice may be confounded by patient condition (indication bias). Median follow-up of 21.8 months is far shorter than estimated median survival, limiting long-term endpoint inference.
• F19｜sources: S18｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed (retrospective cohort; PMID 39029614)｜period: same as F18｜geo: universal｜Clinical research counts removable partial dentures as one denture per arch.｜span: 「1893 RPDs from 1246 patients were included」「Three hundred and twelve patients received a maxillary RPD, 460 received a mandibular RPD, and the remaining 474 patients received both maxillary and mandibular RPDs.」｜caveat:
• F20｜sources: S19｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (systematic review; PMID 38322077)｜period: 2024-01｜geo: universal｜Patient satisfaction and influencing factors for removable partial dentures.｜span: 「A total of 923 non-duplicate articles were screened, and 35 were included in this review.」「RPDs generally exhibited high satisfaction rates, with reported rates ranging between 50% and 81%.」「Patient complaints, encompassing pain, aesthetics, and cleanliness, were identified as common sources of dissatisfaction.」｜caveat: Narrative synthesis without meta-analysis; satisfaction scales differed across studies. It describes material comparisons, but this card does not cite their superiority because of scale heterogeneity and no pooled estimate.
• F21｜sources: S5｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed (Cochrane systematic review; PMID 29617037)｜period: 2018-04 (CD012256.pub2); search through 2017-11-22; PubMed searched by 「CD012256」 and author/title on 2026-08-06, returning only pub2, with no newer version found｜geo: universal｜Effects of final-impression techniques and materials for complete and removable partial dentures.｜span: 「We included nine studies in this review.」「We conclude that there is no clear evidence that one technique or material has a substantial advantage over another for making complete dentures and removable partial dentures.」「Available evidence for the relative benefits of different denture fabrication techniques and final-impression materials is limited and is of low or very low quality.」｜caveat:
• F22｜sources: S6｜confidence: not_evidence (withdrawn literature, retained only to record that the topic has no current valid Cochrane conclusion; never clinical evidence)｜basis: withdrawn_publication (PMID 31425605)｜period: marked WITHDRAWN 2019-07-17; original search through 2011-03｜geo: universal｜The Cochrane review of interventions for replacing missing teeth in partially edentulous people was withdrawn; its former conclusion was insufficient evidence to recommend a particular method.｜span: 「WITHDRAWN: Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition.」「Based on trials meeting the inclusion criteria for this review, there is insufficient evidence to recommend a particular method of tooth replacement for partially edentulous patients.」「該題在 Cochrane 體系尚無現行有效結論」｜caveat: Used only to state that the Cochrane system has no current valid conclusion on this question. It must never be positive or negative evidence for a treatment choice, and its withdrawal is stated whenever cited. OP recheck 2026-08-06: PubMed publication type includes Retracted Publication; the article body has zero [F22] reference and it remains only an evidence-gap record.
• F23｜sources: S26｜confidence: high｜basis: peer_reviewed (Cochrane protocol; PMID 40827575)｜period: 2025-08-19 (CD016215)｜geo: universal｜A new Cochrane review on prostheses for the edentulous mandible is still a protocol, with no completed-result conclusion.｜span: 「This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (intervention).」「To evaluate the benefits and harms of removable and fixed prostheses for people with edentulous mandibles.」｜caveat: A protocol has no results and must not be cited as efficacy evidence.
• F24｜sources: S7｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (systematic review and meta-analysis; PMID 38797954)｜period: 2024-09 issue; database search through 2022-05｜geo: universal｜Patient- and clinician-reported outcomes, post-delivery adjustment visits, and costs for digital versus conventional complete dentures.｜span: 「This review included 11 studies.」「Meta-analysis revealed that CAD/CAM CDs are comparable to the traditional CDs in terms of overall patient satisfaction and OHRQoL.」「whereas milled CDs performed better than traditional CDs in terms of clinician satisfaction and number of adjustments, 3D printed and traditional CDs were similar」「Fabrication of CAD/CAM CDs required significantly less laboratory and overall costs than the traditional CDs.」「調整回診次數是可測量的結果指標」｜caveat: The compared costs are fabrication costs in study settings, not any institution’s charges. This card cites only that adjustment visits are measurable outcomes, with no cost inference. The authors state that well-designed randomized trials are still needed.
• F25｜sources: S8｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (randomized crossover trial; PMID 27914670)｜period: 2017-05｜geo: universal｜Chewing-efficiency comparison between complete-denture wearers and dentate participants.｜span: 「Seventeen participants with edentulism (edentulous control and 2 experimental groups) received new maxillary and mandibular complete dentures. After an adjustment period, they participated in masticatory tests」「The masticatory efficacy was significantly higher in dentate participants compared with participants with edentulism who had complete dentures, with or without denture adhesives.」｜caveat: Only 17 participants per group. The study also compared branded denture adhesives; this card does not cite that product comparison (see KM-DENTAL-31 for adhesive selection).
• F26｜sources: S9｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (randomized clinical trial; PMID 30500094)｜period: 2019-01; mean follow-up 2.7 years｜geo: universal｜Functional comparison of two-implant overdentures and reline alone in older adults dependent on care.｜span: 「The IG received two implants in the mandibular canine regions, and their CRDPs were transformed into IODs.」「The IG comprised 16 participants (age = 85.0 ± 6.2 years), while the CG comprised 16 (age = 84.8 ± 5.4 years), with a mean follow-up of 2.7 ± 2.2 years」「A significant increase of MBF in the IG was observed with an overall gain of 80 N (p < 0.001) compared with the reline group. There were no significant long-term changes in SFR, MMT, or ME within/between groups.」｜caveat: Participants were older dependent-care adults (mean age 85), 16 per group; conclusions cannot be extrapolated to general adults.
• F27｜sources: S11 · S12｜confidence: high｜basis: clinical_guideline (consensus statements and literature review; PMID 12164236 · PMID 21911034)｜period: 2002/2009 statements; 2012 review｜geo: universal｜A two-implant-supported mandibular overdenture can be an initial treatment option for an edentulous mandible.｜span: 「There is now overwhelming evidence that a two-implant overdenture should become the first choice of treatment for the edentulous mandible」「it is the minimum standard that should be sufficient for most people, taking into account performance, patient satisfaction, cost and clinical time」｜caveat: Applies to an edentulous mandible; the maxilla and individual conditions differ. Same unaltered anchor as KM-DENTAL-32 F1.
• F28｜sources: S13｜confidence: high｜basis: clinical_guideline (consensus report; PMID 30328187)｜period: 2018｜geo: universal｜Edentulous patients rate both fixed and removable implant-supported dentures highly, while self-rated ability to maintain oral hygiene is higher with the removable option.｜span: 「Edentulous patients highly rate both removable and fixed implant-supported prostheses. However, they rate their ability to maintain their oral hygiene significantly higher with the removable prosthesis.」｜caveat: Same unaltered anchor as KM-DENTAL-32 F9.
• F29｜sources: S10｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (overview of systematic reviews; PMID 33571328)｜period: 2021; search 1980-01-01 through 2019-02-08｜geo: universal｜Considerations for choosing fixed versus removable mandibular full-arch implant prostheses.｜span: 「In cases where both treatment options are indicated, patient expectations and cost should be the determining factors for selecting a treatment modality.」｜caveat: Search ended in 2019, so newer individual studies were not included.
• F30｜sources: S21｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed (systematic review; PMID 38786683)｜period: 2024-04; literature from the previous 20 years｜geo: universal｜Prevalence and causes of denture stomatitis.｜span: 「Denture stomatitis (DS) is a very common disease in wearers of removable complete and partial dentures with a worldwide prevalence in the range of 20-67%.」「The results show that the main causes of DS include the type of dentures, continuous wearing of dentures, and the formation of a Candida biofilm, which is facilitated by poor dental hygiene.」｜caveat: Twenty-eight studies were included; diagnostic methods and populations differed, so prevalence must be read as a range.
• F31｜sources: S15｜confidence: medium｜basis: clinical_guideline (PMID 21324026)｜period: 2011-02｜geo: universal｜An American College of Prosthodontists task force formulated 15 evidence-based guidelines for care and maintenance of complete dentures.｜span: 「The task force reviewed synopses of the literature and formulated 15 evidence-based guidelines for denture care and maintenance.」｜caveat: The full guideline could not be retrieved because it is paywalled, so this card does not paraphrase its individual provisions. It is a 2011 document; clinical care should follow current dentist instructions.
• F32｜sources: S23｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed (systematic review; PMID 40969498)｜period: 2025; search through 2023-06｜geo: universal｜Immediate complete dentures require a defined clinical protocol and regular follow-up.｜span: 「In this systematic review, the initial search yielded a total of 2529 studies」「The primary conclusions of the systematic review emphasised the necessity for a well-defined clinical protocol in the preparation of ICDs. This protocol should include minimally invasive surgical procedures and regular patient follow-ups.」｜caveat: Qualitative analysis only, without meta-analysis; evidence certainty is low.
• F33｜no external source｜structural organization (editorial framework, not a factual claim; basis=editorial)｜This card’s “five-type triage”, “seven-part breakdown of an estimate” and “eight questions before the appointment” are an explanatory framework defined by this site, not a classification used by any guideline or by the literature.

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Compliance note

This is health-education information under Article 87 of Taiwan’s Medical Care Act [F5·S25], not medical advertising. It recommends no institution and gives no amount or price range. Removable-denture treatment has risks and contraindications; treatment and outcomes vary between individuals and need a dentist’s assessment. This card gives no insurance-claim opinion; insurance depends on policy terms. Eligibility and amounts in local-government subsidy rules are governed by the competent authority’s current notice, and this site does not determine eligibility.

Sources

All sources were accessed 2026-08-06. PubMed entries were checked against E-utilities abstract text and their record pages returned HTTP 200; Taiwan laws and official datasets were checked in-browser.

• S1 Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 21 — official English text
• S2 Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 22 — official English text
• S3 Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 81 — official English text
• S4 Taiwan National Health Insurance Act, Article 51
• S5 Jayaraman S, Singh BP, Ramanathan B, Pazhaniappan Pillai M, MacDonald L, Kirubakaran R. Final-impression techniques and materials for making complete and removable partial dentures. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4(4):CD012256. PMID 29617037. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29617037 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S6 Abt E, Carr AB, Worthington HV. WITHDRAWN: Interventions for replacing missing teeth: partially absent dentition. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;7(7):CD003814. PMID 31425605. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31425605 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S7 Jafarpour D, Haricharan PB, de Souza RF. CAD/CAM versus traditional complete dentures: A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient- and clinician-reported outcomes and costs. J Oral Rehabil. 2024;51(9):1911-1924. PMID 38797954. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38797954 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S8 Torres-Sánchez C, Montoya-Salazar V, Torres-Lagares D, Gutierrez-Pérez JL, Jimenez-Castellanos E. Comparison of masticatory efficacy among complete denture wearers with two adhesives and dentate individuals: A randomized, crossover, double-blind clinical trial. J Prosthet Dent. 2017;117(5):614-620. PMID 27914670. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27914670 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S9 Maniewicz S, Duvernay E, Srinivasan M, Perneger T, Schimmel M, Müller F. Effect of implant-supported mandibular overdentures versus reline on masticatory performance and salivary flow rates in very old adults－A randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2019;30(1):59-67. PMID 30500094. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30500094 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S10 Tsigarida A, Chochlidakis K. A Comparison Between Fixed and Removable Mandibular Implant-Supported Full-Arch Prostheses: An Overview of Systematic Reviews. Int J Prosthodont. 2021;34:s85-s92. PMID 33571328. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33571328 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S11 Feine JS, et al. The McGill consensus statement on overdentures. Mandibular two-implant overdentures as first choice standard of care for edentulous patients. Gerodontology. 2002;19(1):3-4. PMID 12164236. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12164236 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S12 Thomason JM, Kelly SA, Bendkowski A, Ellis JS. Two implant retained overdentures — a review of the literature supporting the McGill and York consensus statements. J Dent. 2012;40(1):22-34. PMID 21911034. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21911034 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S13 Feine J, Abou-Ayash S, Al Mardini M, et al. Group 3 ITI Consensus Report: Patient-reported outcome measures associated with implant dentistry. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29 Suppl 16:270-275. PMID 30328187. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30328187 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S14 Drummond LB, Bezerra AP, Feldmann A, Gonçalves TMSV. Long-term assessment of the periodontal health of removable partial denture wearers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(5):1664-1685. PMID 39043477. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043477 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S15 Felton D, Cooper L, Duqum I, et al.; American College of Prosthodontists. Evidence-based guidelines for the care and maintenance of complete dentures. J Prosthodont. 2011;20 Suppl 1:S1-S12. PMID 21324026. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21324026 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim). (Also published in J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(2):1-20, PMID 21282672.)
• S16 Taipei City Department of Health: Taipei City Medical Institution Dental Fee Standards　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」]
• S17 Government Open Data Platform: Taipei City Medical Fee Standards　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「臺北市醫療收費標準」]
• S18 Ahmed KE, Li H, Peres KG. Longevity of acrylic and cobalt-chromium removable partial dentures－A ten-year retrospective survival analysis of 1246 denture-wearing patients. J Dent. 2024;148:105253. PMID 39029614. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39029614 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S19 Awawdeh M, Alotaibi MB, Alharbi AH, Alnafisah SA, Alasiri TS, Alrashidi NI. A Systematic Review of Patient Satisfaction With Removable Partial Dentures (RPDs). Cureus. 2024;16(1):e51793. PMID 38322077. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38322077 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S20 National Health Insurance Administration: Medical Device Price Comparison Website　[On the official page the label appears in Chinese only: 「醫材比價網」]
• S21 Perić M, Miličić B, Kuzmanović Pfićer J, Živković R, Arsić Arsenijević V. A Systematic Review of Denture Stomatitis: Predisposing Factors, Clinical Features, Etiology, and Global Candida spp. Distribution. J Fungi (Basel). 2024;10(5):328. PMID 38786683. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38786683 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S22 Taipei City Department of Social Welfare: Denture Subsidy for Low- and Middle-Income Older Adults
• S23 Sikri A, Sikri J, Arora N, Sankhla B, Gupta R, Somanna MK. Immediate Complete Dentures: A Systematic Review. J West Afr Coll Surg. 2025;15(4):371-379. PMID 40969498. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40969498 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).
• S24 Internal data: `analysis/reports/km-dental-backlog.md`, appendix #13.
• S25 Taiwan Medical Care Act, Article 87 — official English text
• S26 Jawad S, Lewis SR, Walsh T, Boyers D, Riley P, Addison O. Interventions for replacing missing teeth: prostheses for the edentulous mandible. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;8(8):CD016215(protocol). PMID 40827575. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40827575 (accessed 2026-08-06; PubMed record page HTTP 200; abstract checked verbatim).

Internal citation chain

• Related cost card: How much does full-mouth reconstruction cost, and why do estimates differ? (KM-DENTAL-32, draft). This card does not repeat its implant-overdenture and full-arch cost logic; the two cards share the McGill/York anchor (this card F27 = that card F1) and ITI patient-reported-outcome anchor (this card F28 = that card F9).
• Related cost card: How much does one fixed denture cost? First distinguish a crown from a bridge (KM-DENTAL-03, draft). For a single missing tooth managed by a fixed option, see its crown and bridge itemization; it also first verified the finding that the NHIA Medical Device Price Comparison Website does not include dentistry (this card F14 = that card F17).
• Related card: How should denture adhesive be chosen? (KM-DENTAL-31, not yet produced). This card does not address adhesive selection.
• Related card: Can a molar be left unreplaced after extraction? (KM-DENTAL-34, draft). That card covers the replace-or-not decision; this card covers how to read costs once a removable denture is selected.
• The same verified anchors for Taiwan Medical Care Act Articles 21, 22, 81, and 87 and National Health Insurance Act Article 51 are shared with KM-DENTAL-03 and KM-DENTAL-32.