根管治療後醫生說要打牙釘——牙釘到底是什麼?一定要打嗎?|證據鏈
本頁是〈根管治療後醫生說要打牙釘——牙釘到底是什麼?一定要打嗎?〉的事實單元帳:每一條主張對應的來源、證據等級、地域與期間、原文引句與限制,逐條攤開。
根管治療後醫生說要打牙釘——牙釘到底是什麼?一定要打嗎?|證據鏈
F-Units(事實單元帳)
- F1|confidence: verified|basis: law(醫療法第 21 條、第 22 條)|period: 現行條文,2026-08-06 以 curl 取回全國法規資料庫條文頁 HTTP 200 並抽取條文區塊逐字比對|geo: TW|span(第 21 條):「醫療機構收取醫療費用之標準,由直轄市、縣(市)主管機關核定之。」|caveat: 條文本身不含任何品項或金額;本卡未引用第 22 條全文,僅於 checklist 摘述其收據義務之要旨。
- F2|confidence: verified|basis: law(醫療法第 87 條、第 81 條)|period: 現行條文,2026-08-06 以 curl 取回全國法規資料庫條文頁 HTTP 200 並逐字比對|geo: TW|span(第 87 條):「廣告內容暗示或影射醫療業務者,視為醫療廣告。醫學新知或研究報告之發表、病人衛生教育、學術性刊物,未涉及招徠醫療業務者,不視為醫療廣告。」|span(第 81 條):「醫療機構診治病人時,應向病人或其法定代理人、配偶、親屬或關係人告知其病情、治療方針、處置、用藥、預後情形及可能之不良反應。」|caveat: 第 87 條為本卡的衛教定位依據,非醫療廣告許可依據。
- F3|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(美國國家醫學圖書館 MeSH 主題詞 Post and Core Technique,UID 68011176;2026-08-06 以 E-utilities efetch db=mesh 取回逐字)|period: Year introduced: 1991(1975)|geo: universal|span:「Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.」|caveat: 該定義以金屬鑄造型式描述,反映主題詞建立年代;現行臨床另有預製纖維柱、可客製化玻璃纖維柱等非金屬型式(見 F10、F12、F13、F14),故本卡以「牙柱心」統稱時,同時標明鑄造與現成兩種官方項次(F7)。中文對譯「牙柱心」取自臺北市核定收費標準表項次名稱,非本站自造。
- F4|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(MeSH 主題詞 Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures,UID 68052280;2026-08-06 以 efetch db=mesh 取回逐字)|period: Year introduced: 2006|geo: universal|span:「Attachment of orthodontic devices and materials to the MOUTH area for support and to provide a counterforce to orthodontic forces.」|caveat: 該主題詞涵蓋矯正支抗程序整體,其 Entry Terms 未收錄 temporary anchorage device;本卡使用之 miniscrew/mini-implant/microimplant/temporary anchorage device 等名稱,依 F18 所列之文獻檢索詞記錄,不表示其為 MeSH 正式主題詞。
- F5|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(MeSH 主題詞 Dental Implants,UID 68015921;2026-08-06 以 efetch db=mesh 取回逐字)|period: Year introduced: 1990|geo: universal|span:「Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.」|實測紀錄(同筆記錄之 Entry Terms,2026-08-06 由本輪修訂以 efetch db=mesh 重取核對): Dental Implant/Implant, Dental/Implants, Dental/Dental Prostheses, Surgical/Dental Implants, Mini/Dental Implant, Mini/Mini Dental Implant/Mini Dental Implants|caveat: 定義為器材類別描述,非適應症判定;本卡對此支只做消歧義指路,植牙內容見內部引用鏈。該定義列出的用途包含「或穩定患病的牙齒」,故不得把本支縮寫成「取代整顆缺牙」,也不得以「有沒有整顆缺牙」作為排除讀者的分類條件(2026-08-06 CX 對抗審命中並修正);Entry Terms 含 Mini Dental Implant,與 F18 所列矯正文獻檢索詞重疊,名稱重疊不表示兩者是同一個處置,分辨須以醫師說出的正式處置名稱為準。
- F6|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(衛生福利部食品藥物管理署委託建置之醫療器材分類分級查詢資料庫;2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 實載,簡易查詢逐一輸入關鍵字送出並讀取結果列)|period: 2026-08-06 查詢現況|geo: TW|實測紀錄: 關鍵字「牙釘」回傳 0 筆;關鍵字「支抗」回傳 0 筆;關鍵字「骨釘」回傳 3 筆(F.4120 骨切割器及其附件、N.3030 單一或多重之金屬類骨固定裝置及附件、N.3480 限制型膝關節股脛骨金屬類骨水泥式彌補物),分類類別分面顯示 F-牙科學 1 筆、N-骨科學 2 筆;關鍵字「矯正」回傳 15 筆(13+2 已廢止),其中 F-牙科學 4 筆為 F.0002 牙科矯正規劃軟體、F.3750 牙齒矯正托架黏著樹脂及調節劑、F.5470 牙科矯正塑膠托架及牙套、F.5500 口外牙齒矯正用頭罩帶;關鍵字「根管」回傳 3 筆,其中 F.3890「根管固定夾板」(Endodontic stabilizing splint,等級 2)鑑別範圍逐字為「根管固定夾板是由如鈦等材料製成的器材,將其由根管內放置到上或下頜骨以固定牙齒。」|caveat: 該資料庫頁面自載「本網站為衛生福利部食品藥物管理署委託建置維護,內容僅供參考,如有差異以衛生福利部食品藥物管理署公告為準」;查無品項不代表該處置在台灣不存在或不合法,只代表該分類資料庫未以此關鍵字收錄對應品項;分類鑑別範圍是器材用途描述,非臨床適應症判定。
- F7|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表,1090117 核定版;2026-08-06 以 curl 取回 PDF 附件 HTTP 200、411,466 bytes、SHA256 33588b87…f98183,與 KM-DENTAL-44、KM-DENTAL-C03 同日記錄之雜湊值一致;pdftotext -layout 抽取後逐字比對)|period: 核定日期 109 年 1 月 17 日、核定字號北市衛醫字第 1093010058 號|geo: TW|span(項次 2-48 鑄造牙柱心,單位每支,公告內容):「1.本項費用含臨床操作及調整。2.不含診療費用。3.本項費用包含牙體技術師/士費用。4.依鑄造使用金屬不同而有所差異。」|span(項次 2-49 現成牙柱心,單位每支,公告內容):「1.本項費用含臨床操作及調整。2.不含診療費用。3.本項費用不包含牙體技術師/士費用。4.依現成牙柱心材質不同而有所差異。」|span(附註三):「本表所列項目日後納為衛福部中央健保署醫療服務支付項目後,依「臺北市醫療機構醫療費用收費標準核定原則」規定辦理」|實測紀錄(全文檢索): 全文不含「牙釘」二字;「釘」字共 4 處,其中「骨釘」2 處均位於口腔顎面外科段落(正顎手術系列項次之公告內容,以及項次 3-15「顎顏面區域骨釘、骨板二次處置或移除」),齒顎矯正科段落(項次 3-50 至 3-81,編號連續無缺號,共 32 項)無矯正支抗螺釘之專屬項次;缺席檢索另以「錨」「螺釘」「小螺」「微小」「迷你」「植釘」「釘入」「支抗」「微植體」與英文 anchor/screw/TAD 逐一比對全文,皆 0 命中|caveat: 為單一縣市之核定文件,非全國一致;本卡未引用該表單價欄之任何數字;「該表未收錄某項次」僅為該市核定文件之現況,不得推論為健保給付與否之判定。
- F8|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(同 F7 之 PDF,pdftotext 抽取逐字)|period: 同 F7|geo: TW|span(項次 3-26 人工植牙種植手術費(一般),單位每顆牙,公告內容):「人工牙根植入技術費,不包含人工牙根材料費。」|span(項次 3-40 暫時性植體手術費,單位每顆牙,公告內容):「基於維持美觀或咬合所需之暫時性植體置入及移除手術費,不包含暫時修復體與暫時性植體材料費。」|caveat: 3-40 之公告內容明載用途為「維持美觀或咬合」,屬贋復用途之暫時性植體,不得讀成矯正支抗裝置;本卡引用此二項次僅為說明官方項目名稱與用途區分,未引用單價欄。
- F9|confidence: verified|basis: official_statement(MeSH 主題詞 Bone Screws,UID 68001863;2026-08-06 以 efetch db=mesh 取回逐字)|period: Year introduced: 1974(1971)|geo: universal|span:「Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.」|caveat: 用於說明中文「骨釘」一詞的另一個常見指涉(骨科骨折固定),非矯正支抗微螺釘之主題詞。
- F10|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Dent 2025 Aug;159:105739,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 40216072;2026-08-06 以 efetch rettype=abstract 取回摘要逐字比對;esummary pubtype 檢查無 Retracted Publication 標記)|period: 檢索至 2024 年 10 月,納入 13 篇隨機臨床試驗|geo: universal|span:「Electronic database searches were conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to October 2024」|span:「Overall, restorations with posts showed significantly lower failure rates compared to those without posts (P = .001; Risk Ratio [RR]: 0.61). Subgroup analysis demonstrated favorable outcomes for post-use in indirect restorations (P < .001; RR: 0.44).」|span:「Further analysis revealed significant benefits only for prefabricated fiber posts (P < .001; RR: 0.54) and customizable fiberglass posts (P = .001; RR: 0.66). In contrast, cast post and core (P = .66; RR: 0.84) and prefabricated metallic posts (P = .67; RR: 1.19), showed no significant difference compared to restorations without posts.」|span:「The overall certainty of the evidence was classified as low due to the risk of bias, indirectness, and imprecision.」|caveat: 直接修復體之 RR 1.10(P = .74)為原文報告之未達顯著結果,本卡逐字保留其未達顯著之限定;作者之臨床建議屬臨床端選材判斷,本卡未轉寫為讀者可自行對照的規則;本篇為本題「要不要放柱」目前檢索日期最新之系統性回顧(同題另見 F11、F12,檢索日期較早)。
- F11|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Oral Sci 2024;66(4):207-214,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 39231718;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 電子檢索未設時間限制;57 篇納入質性分析、17 篇臨床研究納入量化分析|geo: universal|span:「17 clinical studies (11 prospective and 6 retrospective studies) were found to be suitable for quantitative analysis. These studies included 7,278 patients (7,330 ETT)」|span:「There was a statistically significant difference in survival rate between ETT with or without posts (P < 0.001).」|span:「As compared with teeth with no posts, post placement on ETT may improve clinical performance and survival probability of endodontically treated teeth.」|caveat: 作者結論用語為 may improve(可能改善),本卡保留其推測語氣,未轉寫為確定性結論;該摘要未報告合併效果量與證據等級評估。
- F12|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Prosthet Dent 2025 Sep;134(3):597-615,系統性回顧與網絡統合分析,PMID 37827970;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 檢索自資料庫建置起至 2022 年 11 月,納入 25 篇文章|geo: universal|span:「Fiber posts (RR=0.15 [95% CI: 0.06, 0.33]) significantly prevented tooth fracture as compared with no posts.」|span:「Metal posts (RR=0.24 [95% CI: 0.12, 0.46]) ranked higher than fiber posts (RR=0.39 [95% CI: 0.27, 0.56]) in the outcome of debonding.」|span:「Prefabricated glass fiber posts (RR=0.40 [95% CI: 0.20, 0.81]) had statistically significant differences in the outcome of secondary caries.」|span:「The GRADE approach determined a moderate level of certainty of evidence.」|caveat: 網絡統合分析之排序(SUCRA)為相對排名,不等於個別病人的預期結果;不同結果指標(斷裂/脫黏/二次蛀牙)之結論方向不同,禁跨指標合併或相減;作者亦寫明需要更長追蹤的試驗以提高證據確定性。
- F13|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Prosthet Dent 2024 Apr;131(4):567-578,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 35430048;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 2022 年線上刊出、2024 年紙本刊期;納入 7 篇追蹤至少 2 年之隨機對照臨床試驗|geo: universal|span:「Meta-analyses revealed an overall survival rate of 92.8% for endodontically treated teeth restored with glass-fiber-reinforced posts compared with 78.1% of those restored with metal posts. No statistically significant difference (P>.05) was found in the survival, success, or failure rates.」|span:「Both are reliable materials when a significant amount of coronal tooth structure is missing and treatment with a post is indicated.」|caveat: 92.8% 與 78.1% 必須與「未達統計顯著」同句呈現;原文未報告兩者之差值或風險差,本卡不作任何相減或換算;該摘要未載明檢索截止日期,故在版本新舊比較上以 F10、F12 之檢索日期為較新依據。
- F14|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(Quintessence Int 2019;50(1):8-20,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 30600326;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 檢索至 2018 年 1 月;納入 4 篇追蹤 3 至 7 年之隨機對照試驗|geo: universal|span:「Fiber posts presented significantly higher survival rates than did metal posts (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33 to 0.97, P = .04), while no difference was observed in success rates, post debonding rates, or root fracture rates.」|span:「when used in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth with no more than two coronal walls remaining」|caveat: 該摘要以 RR 0.57 呈現此一比較,未於摘要中逐字說明該風險比之事件定義,本卡因此僅引述原句,不推論其分子事件;適用限定為剩餘冠部牙壁不超過兩面之個案(本卡譯法,英文原句見本欄第二條 span),翻譯時不得省略;本篇檢索日期早於 F10 與 F12,本卡以較新者為現行主要依據並保留本篇之限定條件。
- F15|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Prosthodont 2026 Apr;35(4):450-459,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 41601347;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 依 PRISMA 2020;納入 33 篇原始研究(6 篇臨床、18 篇體外、9 篇有限元素分析)|geo: universal|span:「To systematically review and meta-analyze clinical, in vitro, and finite-element studies assessing how ferrule height, width, and circumferential extent influence fracture resistance and survival of endodontically treated teeth.」|span:「Thirty-three primary studies (6 clinical, 18 in vitro, 9 finite-element) were included. Ferrule height ≥ 2 mm significantly improved fracture resistance (MD +165 N; 95% CI: 110-215). Ferrule presence increased clinical survival (RR 1.34; 95% CI: 1.12-1.59).」|span:「No restorative strategy matched the biomechanical reinforcement provided by a natural dentin ferrule.」|span:「These findings should be interpreted within the context of variation in study designs and reporting quality.」|caveat: 納入研究以體外與模擬為主(33 篇中僅 6 篇臨床),+165 N 之抗斷裂力屬力學層級結果,不可讀成臨床療效;ferrule 之中文對譯採「箍環」,並於正文保留英文原詞,與牙根分叉(furcation)為不同解剖概念,不得互換。
- F16|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Prosthet Dent 2024 Dec;132(6):1251-1259,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 38216376;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 納入 8 篇(隨機臨床試驗與前瞻世代研究,追蹤至少 6 個月)|geo: universal|span:「Direct analysis of success rates (2 studies, 123 teeth) showed a significant increase in success when a uniform circumferential ferrule was present (RR=1.28, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.54, P<.05). However, indirect analysis of survival and success rates (8 studies, 407 teeth) indicated no significant differences in outcomes between the ferrule and no ferrule groups (P>.05).」|caveat: 直接分析僅 2 篇研究、123 顆牙,樣本極小;同篇的間接分析未見顯著差異,兩者必須並陳,不得只引其一。
- F17|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Prosthet Dent 2019 Jun;121(6):887-894.e4,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 30617032;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 納入 6 篇研究|geo: universal|span:「The risk ratio for anterior versus posterior teeth was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-1.64; P=.79). The risk ratio for incisors versus canines was 3.08 (95% CI, 0.56-17.04; P=.20) and that for premolars versus molars was 0.45 (95% CI, 0.12-1.74; P=.25). The risk ratio for prefabricated glass fiber posts on anterior versus posterior teeth was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.61-2.09; P=.70) and that for metal posts was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.64-1.91; P=.72).」|caveat: 所列各項信賴區間皆跨越 1,即未排除無差異,任何主張前牙或後牙較容易失敗之敘述都不能以本篇為據;作者結論限定為短期至中期追蹤。
- F18|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(Orthod Craniofac Res 2025 Apr;28(2):217-241,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 39377777;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 檢索 MedLine/Cochrane/Web of Science/EMBASE 與灰色文獻|geo: universal|span:「The search terms used were "Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures," "mini-implant," "Mini Dental Implant," "Miniscrew," and "microimplant."」|span:「Miniscrews are small-sized intraoral devices used for temporary skeletal anchorage and are easy to place and remove.」|span:「Patients tend to overestimate the pain inherent in this procedure. The insertion of micro implants is more accepted than the tooth extraction procedure, with less postoperative pain reported.」|span:「The most frequent outcome reported is pain and discomfort, which varies depending on its location (less with mini interradicular screws than with extra-alveolar screws). Most patients are satisfied or very satisfied with this application.」|caveat: 該摘要為非結構式敘述,未報告統合後之疼痛量化數值與異質性;本卡保留為作者層級之敘述性結論,不得轉譯為不會痛或任何舒適度保證;原文另提及麻醉方式與手術技術影響不適程度,屬臨床端判斷,本卡未列入正文。
- F19|confidence: verified|basis: law(全民健康保險法第 51 條,2026-08-06 以 curl 取回全國法規資料庫條文頁 HTTP 200 逐字比對)+official_statement(健保署醫材比價網品項分類,跨卡已驗事實同錨,紀錄見 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md)|period: 現行條文;比價網實測日 2026-08-05(本卡未重複實測)|geo: TW|span(第 51 條第 3 款):「藥癮治療、美容外科手術、非外傷治療性齒列矯正、預防性手術、人工協助生殖技術、變性手術。」|span(第 51 條第 11 款):「義齒、義眼、眼鏡、助聽器、輪椅、拐杖及其他非具積極治療性之裝具。」|實測紀錄(比價網): 兩查詢軌之品項分類皆不含牙科,頁面可見文字不含「牙」字|caveat: 本卡不對任何個案作給付與否之判定;條文為不列入給付範圍之項目列舉,個案認定依健保署現行規定與審查;比價網結論沿用既有跨卡紀錄,官方資料庫可能更新,引用時請註明查證日期。
- F20|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(Clin Exp Dent Res 2025 Oct;11(5):e70220,傘狀統合分析,PMID 40919671;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 檢索至 2024 年 10 月;納入 11 篇統合分析、50 組資料|geo: universal|span:「Eleven meta-analyses comprising 50 data sets were included. The results indicated that mini-screws significantly increased intermolar width (ES: 2.61 mm, 95% CI: 0.29-4.92, p = 0.02) and skeletal width (ES: 3.33 mm, 95% CI: 1.37-5.29, p = 0.001). However, no significant impact was found on interpremolar width or alveolar width before and after MARPE. Micro-implants significantly reduced molar movement (ES: -1.13 mm, 95% CI: -1.99 to -0.26, p = 0.01).」|span(方法:CI 與異質性是兩種不同的量):「a random-effects model was used to calculate effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I² statistic and Cochrane's Q-test, with subgroup and sensitivity analyses conducted to identify sources of heterogeneity.」|span(異質性結果):「Substantial heterogeneity was noted across several outcomes (I² > 50%), which persisted despite subgroup analyses.」|caveat: 效果量為族群層級平均,非個人預期;95% 信賴區間是合併效果估計值的不確定範圍,不是個案之間的差距,研究間的不一致由 I² 與 Q 檢定另行評估(2026-08-06 CX 對抗審命中:原正文把 CI 講成「個案之間差距不小」,已改寫);reduced molar movement 之中文於正文標明為原文用語並註記支抗語境,未作延伸解讀。
- F21|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(J Evid Based Dent Pract 2020 Jun;20(2):101402,傘狀回顧,PMID 32473811;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: PROSPERO CRD42018094463;納入 17 篇系統性回顧與統合分析|geo: universal|span:「Most of the studies reported high success rates (≥90%), and just one systematic review indicated a low rate of success (≤56%) for the mini-screws.」|span:「The results should be analysed cautiously because of several research gaps related to the methodological quality and the high heterogeneity of the original studies」|caveat: ≥90% 與 ≤56% 為不同回顧之報告值,非同一族群之區間,不得合併寫成一個由 56% 至 90% 的成功率區間;本篇檢索年代較早,成功率之部位別細節以 F22 為據。
- F22|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(Prog Orthod 2018;19(1):36,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 30246217;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 檢索至 2017 年 10 月;納入 61 篇研究|geo: universal|span:「Palatal sites had failure rates of 1.3% (95% CI 0.3-6), 4.8% (95% CI 1.6-13.4) and 5.5% (95% CI 2.8-10.7) for the midpalatal, paramedian and parapalatal insertion sites, respectively. The failure rates for the maxillary buccal sites were 9.2% (95% CI 7.4-11.4), 9.7% (95% CI 5.1-17.6) and 16.4% (95% CI 4.9-42.5) for the interradicular miniscrews inserted between maxillary first molars and second premolars and between maxillary canines and lateral incisors, and those inserted in the zygomatic buttress respectively.」|span:「The failure rates for the mandibular buccal insertion sites were 13.5% (95% CI 7.3-23.6) and 9.9% (95% CI 4.9-19.1) for the interradicular miniscrews inserted between mandibular first molars and second premolars and between mandibular canines and first premolars, respectively. The risk of failure increased when the miniscrews contacted the roots, with a risk ratio of 8.7 (95% CI 5.1-14.7).」|span:「Very low to low quality of evidence suggests that miniscrews inserted in midpalatal locations have a failure rate of 1.3% and those inserted in the zygomatic buttress have a failure rate of 16.4%. Moderate quality of evidence indicates that root contact significantly contributes to the failure of interradicular miniscrews placed between the first molars and second premolars.」|caveat: contacted the roots = 螺釘接觸到(相鄰牙齒的)牙根,不是牙根分叉(furcation);interradicular = 牙根之間,亦非分叉;midpalatal/paramedian/parapalatal 三個位置本卡保留英文原詞,不另造中文譯名;各部位失敗率之證據等級為極低至低,僅 root contact 一項為中等;本站以 PubMed 檢索 2019 至 2026 年之同題系統性回顧,未查得更新版取代本篇之部位別失敗率統合。
- F23|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(Orthod Craniofac Res 2021 Mar,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 33277824;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 檢索至 2020 年 6 月;自 5734 篇中最終納入 7 篇研究|geo: universal|span:「The overall mean success rate weighted by the number of miniscrews was 87.21% (89.87% in the maxilla and 79.24% in the mandible). There was a significantly higher success rate for miniscrews placed in the maxilla compared with those in the mandible (P < .05).」|span:「Because of the small number and clinical heterogeneity of the included studies, the results should be interpreted with caution.」|caveat: 87.21% 為以微螺釘數加權之整體平均,非任何個案之成功機率;納入研究僅 7 篇且臨床異質性高,作者自陳結果須謹慎解讀。
- F24|confidence: verified|basis: peer_reviewed(Clin Oral Investig 2022 Jan;26(1):65-82,系統性回顧與統合分析,PMID 34676428;2026-08-06 efetch 逐字比對;pubtype 無撤回標記)|period: 納入 7 篇進行量化合成;以 GRADE 評估證據確定性|geo: universal|span:「When comparing the risk of failure between mini-implants and mini-plates, the risk values approached the threshold of statistical significance (p = 0.07) (RR = 1.83; 95% CI = 0.96-3.50; I2 = 69%), showing significance after sensitivity analysis (p < 0.05) and a greater risk for mini-implants. Mandible installation presented a higher risk of failure (RR = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.17-2.91).」|caveat: RR 1.83 之信賴區間 0.96–3.50 跨越 1、p = 0.07 未達顯著門檻,僅在敏感度分析後達顯著,本卡逐字保留此限定,禁改寫成微植體失敗風險較高之無條件陳述;下顎之 RR 1.85 信賴區間未跨 1。
- F25[結構性整理]|本卡的三路分流骨幹(牙柱心/矯正微螺釘/人工牙根)與「先問是哪一種、再問要不要做」的定位、四篇柱材文獻的「失敗定義不同故不可相減」對照框架、「族群層級 vs 個人預期」的反覆標註、就醫時機段落的兩層編排(呼吸道紅旗前置、其餘五條在後)與 checklist 八題的題目設計、以及對第三支只做指路的分工聲明,均為本站依 F3 至 F24 之來源整理的就醫溝通結構|來源 #25|confidence: n/a|basis: editorial_framework|period: 2026-08-06|geo: universal|caveat: 非診斷工具、非臨床決策流程,不得標為待驗;本欄不含任何療效、時程或安全性宣稱。其中「裝置或碎片脫落後若出現嗆咳、呼吸困難、講不出話或胸痛即為急症、立刻就醫」與「先確認呼吸道、再聯絡診所」的處置順序,是本站採取的保守就醫指示,不是本卡所引任何一篇文獻訂定的判準——本卡未引用吞入/吸入事件的原始文獻(該主題的文獻錨在同族的 KM-DENTAL-38「假牙/牙套掉了」與 KM-DENTAL-30「牙齒掉了」兩張卡,其中 #38 已列於本卡內部引用鏈,#30 未列);此紅旗刻意不附任何觀察時間長度或時間門檻,翻譯與改寫時不得加上(2026-08-06 同專案 C07 對照後補正:同一風險在 C07 為獨立前置節,本卡原僅列為第 4 條且第 3 條「掉落」未分流,已改為與 C07 同層級的前置紅旗)。
- F26[結構性整理]|本卡對專有名詞中文對譯的處理原則:post and core 採臺北市核定收費標準表項次名稱「牙柱心」(F7);ferrule 採「箍環」並於正文保留英文原詞,明示其與牙根分叉(furcation)為不同概念;miniscrew/mini-implant/microimplant/temporary anchorage device 統一以「矯正微螺釘」敘述並附原文(F18);midpalatal/paramedian/parapalatal/zygomatic buttress/interradicular 保留原文(F22);臺北市核定表項次「鑄造牙柱心」「現成牙柱心」(F7)與文獻用語 cast post and core/prefabricated post(F10、F12)之對應,為本卡的對譯處理,該表本身並未載明兩者的製作流程、貼合方式或英文對譯(2026-08-06 CX 對抗審命中:原正文把製程說成「官方文字自己講清楚」,已改寫)|來源 #25|confidence: n/a|basis: editorial_framework|period: 2026-08-06|geo: universal|caveat: 對譯原則為編務決定,不是官方譯名公告;引用時請以各該來源之原文為準。
- F27|本題選題依據=GSC 全量對帳:查詢詞「牙釘」(完全比對)於之 web 明細共 765 列,曝光加總 4,094、點擊 27(2026-08-06 以 awk 對 `gsc-full-20260804/__web__full.tsv` 重跑,與 km-production-queue.html 診所補題表數字一致);同站含「牙釘」之查詢族另有牙釘價格、牙釘柱價格、玻璃纖維牙釘費用、玻璃纖維牙釘缺點、牙釘材質等,另有「植牙釘子」「骨釘」等查詢並存——三義並存在真實搜尋資料中可見|來源 #24|confidence: verified|basis: internal_dataset|period: GSC 保留窗(2025-03-22 起)|geo: TW|caveat: 曝光為屬性級數字、非去重流量;本欄為內部數據、非醫學宣稱,發布轉檔時整條剝除。
來源清單
取用日期均為 2026-08-06。PubMed 條目以 E-utilities efetch(rettype=abstract)取得摘要原文逐字對照,並以 esummary 之 pubtype 逐筆檢查撤回狀態(14 筆全數無 Retracted Publication 標記、無 WITHDRAWN 標題);MeSH 主題詞以 efetch(db=mesh)取回範圍註逐字;法規條文以 curl 取回全國法規資料庫頁面(HTTP 200)後抽取條文區塊逐字比對;臺北市收費標準表附件以 curl 獨立下載並以 pdftotext -layout 抽取逐字比對(下載大小與雜湊值見 [F7]);醫療器材分類分級查詢資料庫以 ego-browser 實載並逐一執行關鍵字查詢、讀取結果列。
- S1 醫療法第 21 條。全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 21 條
- S2 醫療法第 22 條。全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 22 條
- S3 醫療法第 81 條。全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 81 條
- S4 醫療法第 87 條。全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 87 條
- S5 全民健康保險法第 51 條。全國法規資料庫 L0060001 第 51 條
- S6 臺北市政府衛生局-收費標準:「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」(1090117核定)。health.gov.taipei 收費標準頁
- S7 臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表(奉核版-1090117)PDF 附件。www-ws.gov.taipei 附件下載
- S8 醫療器材分類分級查詢資料庫(衛生福利部食品藥物管理署委託建置維護)。mdlicense.itri.org.tw 分類分級查詢
- S9 衛生福利部中央健康保險署「醫材比價網」兩查詢軌之品項分類(跨卡已驗事實,同錨)。info.nhi.gov.tw INAE2000/INAE2010S01(2026-08-05 由 KM-DENTAL-03 卡以 ego-browser 實測並經 OP 複驗,紀錄見 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md;本卡未重複實測)
- S10 NLM MeSH:Post and Core Technique。MeSH UID 68011176
- S11 NLM MeSH:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures。MeSH UID 68052280
- S12 NLM MeSH:Dental Implants。MeSH UID 68015921
- S13 NLM MeSH:Bone Screws。MeSH UID 68001863
- S14 Jardim JS, et al. Is the use of an intraradicular post essential for reducing failures in restoring endodontically treated teeth? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2025;159:105739. PMID 40216072。PubMed
- S15 Alenezi AA, et al. Clinical behavior and survival of endodontically treated teeth with or without post placement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Sci. 2024;66(4):207-214. PMID 39231718。PubMed
- S16 Giok KC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of fiber and metal posts in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2025;134(3):597-615. PMID 37827970。PubMed
- S17 Tsintsadze N, et al. Comparing survival rates of endodontically treated teeth restored either with glass-fiber-reinforced or metal posts: A systematic review and meta-analyses. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;131(4):567-578. PMID 35430048。PubMed
- S18 Wang X, et al. Evaluation of fiber posts vs metal posts for restoring severely damaged endodontically treated teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Quintessence Int. 2019;50(1):8-20. PMID 30600326。PubMed
- S19 Hajeer O, et al. Ferrule dimensions and restoration outcomes in endodontically treated teeth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthodont. 2026;35(4):450-459. PMID 41601347。PubMed
- S20 Al-Dabbagh RA, et al. Effect of a circumferential ferrule on the survival and success of endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber posts: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2024;132(6):1251-1259. PMID 38216376。PubMed
- S21 Garcia PP, et al. Do anterior and posterior teeth treated with post-and-core restorations have similar failure rates? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2019;121(6):887-894.e4. PMID 30617032。PubMed
- S22 Vale F, et al. Patient's Perspective on Miniscrews During Orthodontic Treatment—A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2025;28(2):217-241. PMID 39377777。PubMed
- S23 Jamilian A, et al. The Impact of Mini-Screws and Micro-Implants on Orthodontic Clinical Outcomes: An Umbrella Meta-Analysis. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2025;11(5):e70220. PMID 40919671。PubMed
- S24 Ramírez-Ossa DM, et al. An Umbrella Review of the Effectiveness of Temporary Anchorage Devices and the Factors That Contribute to Their Success or Failure. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2020;20(2):101402. PMID 32473811。PubMed
- S25 Mohammed H, et al. Role of anatomical sites and correlated risk factors on the survival of orthodontic miniscrew implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Orthod. 2018;19(1):36. PMID 30246217。PubMed
- S26 Lee DW, et al. Cortical bone thickness and bone density effects on miniscrew success rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24 Suppl 1. PMID 33277824。PubMed
- S27 de Mattos PM, et al. Risk factors associated with the stability of mini-implants and mini-plates: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2022;26(1):65-82. PMID 34676428。PubMed
內部引用鏈
- 上游題(做完根管之後才會遇到本卡這一題):根管治療是什麼?一次搞懂為什麼要抽神經(KM-DENTAL-18,草稿)。該卡處理根管治療本身,本卡承接其後的「牙齒要怎麼撐起來」;兩卡的 canonical 邊界=根管治療流程歸 #18,柱心與支撐結構歸本卡。
- 下游題(柱心之後那顆牙冠):牙冠是什麼?什麼情況需要做(KM-DENTAL-23,草稿)。牙冠的種類、材質與適應症歸 #23,本卡不重寫;本卡只講柱心與牙冠的支撐關係。
- 齒質不足時的另一條路:牙冠增長術是什麼?(KM-DENTAL-17,草稿)。本卡 ferrule 一節提到「牙齒還剩多少」時所指的處置之一,細節歸 #17。
- 相鄰題(斷在牙根的情況):牙根斷裂會怎樣?一定要拔牙嗎?(KM-DENTAL-C02,草稿)。本卡的失敗型態提到牙根斷裂率時,僅引數據不展開臨床處置,處置歸 C02。
- 相鄰題(掉下來的時候):假牙/牙套掉了,可以自己黏回去嗎?(KM-DENTAL-38,草稿)。本卡「什麼情況要儘快回診」第 1 條所指的做法,細節歸 #38。
- 第三種「牙釘」的指路目的地:人工植牙的流程是什麼?(KM-DENTAL-25,草稿)。本卡對人工牙根只做消歧義與定義指路,流程、術後與費用組成皆歸植牙系列卡,未重寫。
- 矯正線的同族卡:隱形矯正要花多少錢?這筆錢是怎麼算出來的(KM-DENTAL-C03,草稿)。兩卡共用臺北市牙科收費標準表這一份官方文件(PDF 雜湊值同日記錄一致),C03 讀的是齒顎矯正科項次結構,本卡讀的是補綴類的牙柱心項次與「該表沒有矯正支抗螺釘項次」這個查證結果。
FAQ
- 「牙釘」是正式的名稱嗎?
- **不是。** 本站以「牙釘」查詢衛生福利部食品藥物管理署委託建置的醫療器材分類分級查詢資料庫回傳 0 筆[F6],以 pdftotext 抽取臺北市核定的牙科收費標準表全文也不含這兩個字[F7]。它是口語,所以**最省事的一步就是請醫師講出正式名稱**:牙柱心(post and core)、矯正微螺釘(miniscrew/TAD),或人工牙根(dental implant)[F3][F4][F5]。
- 「歯のピン」は正式名ですか? — **いいえ。** データベースは中国語「牙釘」を 0 件とし [F6]、台北市料金表にもありません [F7]。支台築造、矯正用ミニスクリュー/TAD、人工歯根のどれかを医師に尋ねてください [F3][F4][F5]。
- Is “dental pin” an official name? — **No.** The Taiwan medical-device classification database returned 0 records for the Chinese query “牙釘” [F6], and the extracted full text of Taipei’s approved dental-fee schedule does not contain those two characters [F7]. It is colloquial language. The simplest next step is to ask the dentist for the formal name: post and core, orthodontic miniscrew / TAD, or dental implant [F3][F4][F5].
- 根管治療後,一定要打牙柱心嗎?
- **這要由牙醫師依你這顆牙的狀況評估,沒有一體適用的答案。** 就族群層級的證據來說,2025 年那篇系統性回顧的結論是分層的:整體上有柱比無柱的失敗率低(RR 0.61),但顯著的好處集中在**間接修復體**(RR 0.44)與**纖維柱**(預製 RR 0.54、可客製化玻璃纖維 RR 0.66);**鑄造柱心**(RR 0.84)與**預製金屬柱**(RR 1.19)則未達顯著;該篇的整體證據確定性被評為**低**[F10]。這是群體層面的比較,不是對個人的預測[F25]。
- 根管治療後、必ず支台築造が必要ですか? — **個々の歯を歯科医師が評価するため、一律の答えはありません。** 集団データの有意な利益は間接修復 RR 0.44、既製ファイバー RR 0.54、カスタマイズ可能グラスファイバー RR 0.66 に集中し、鋳造 RR 0.84 と既製金属 RR 1.19 は有意でなく、全体確実性は低いです [F10][F25]。
- After root-canal treatment, must I always have a post and core? — **A dentist must assess your specific tooth; there is no single answer that fits everyone.** In population-level evidence, the 2025 review is stratified: overall, posts had lower failure (RR 0.61), but significant benefit was concentrated in **indirect restorations** (RR 0.44) and **fiber posts** (prefabricated RR 0.54; customizable fiberglass RR 0.66). Cast post and core (RR 0.84) and prefabricated metal posts (RR 1.19) did not reach significance; the review’s overall certainty was **low** [F10]. This is a group comparison, not an individual forecast [F25].
- 玻璃纖維的比金屬的好嗎?
- **要看你問的是哪一種「失敗」。** 網絡統合分析把結果分開報告:在牙齒斷裂上,纖維柱相對於不放柱顯著較低(RR 0.15);但在**脫黏**這個結果上,金屬柱的排序高於纖維柱(RR 0.24 對 0.39);預製玻璃纖維柱在二次蛀牙上有顯著差異(RR 0.40),GRADE 為中等確定性[F12]。另一篇統合分析報告的整體存活率為玻璃纖維 92.8%、金屬 78.1%,但**同時寫明未達統計顯著**[F13]——所以那兩個數字**不可以相減**當成差距[F13][F25]。材料選擇是臨床端依個案條件做的決定[F25]。
- グラスファイバーは金属より良いですか? — **どの失敗を問うかで変わります。** 破折、脱離、二次う蝕で結果の向きが異なります [F12]。92.8% と 78.1% は未達有意差と一緒に読む必要があり、差として減算できません [F13][F25]。
- Is glass fiber better than metal? — **It depends on which “failure” you mean.** The network meta-analysis reports outcomes separately: fiber posts versus no post had lower tooth fracture (RR 0.15); for **debonding**, metal posts ranked above fiber posts (RR 0.24 versus 0.39); and prefabricated glass-fiber posts had a significant secondary-caries finding (RR 0.40), with moderate GRADE certainty [F12]. Another meta-analysis reports survival of 92.8% for glass fiber and 78.1% for metal but **also states the difference was not statistically significant** [F13]. Those figures must **not** be subtracted as a difference [F13][F25]. Material selection is a clinical decision based on the individual case [F25].
來源錨定
- 醫療法第 21 條。[全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 21 條 · https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0020021&flno=21
- 醫療法第 22 條。[全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 22 條 · https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0020021&flno=22
- 醫療法第 81 條。[全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 81 條 · https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0020021&flno=81
- 醫療法第 87 條。[全國法規資料庫 L0020021 第 87 條 · https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0020021&flno=87
- 全民健康保險法第 51 條。[全國法規資料庫 L0060001 第 51 條 · https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawSingle.aspx?pcode=L0060001&flno=51
- 臺北市政府衛生局-收費標準:「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」(1090117核定)。[health.gov.taipei 收費標準頁 · https://health.gov.taipei/News_Content.aspx?n=A0420FBE55D1F966&sms=B8B153B383FA969F&s=002671406AFBBB67
- 臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表(奉核版-1090117)PDF 附件。[www-ws.gov.taipei 附件下載 · https://www-ws.gov.taipei/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvNjg0L3JlbGZpbGUvNDczNDgvODE0MDkyNy8xMjg4NjI1NC00NzI5LTQzMjAtYTJkNy1iZTU1ZThlYjg1MDIucGRm&n=6Ie65YyX5biC6Yar55mC5qmf5qeL54mZ56eR5pS26LK75qiZ5rqW6KGoKOWlieaguOeJiC0xMDkwMTE3KS5wZGY%3d&icon=..pdf
- 醫療器材分類分級查詢資料庫(衛生福利部食品藥物管理署委託建置維護)。[mdlicense.itri.org.tw 分類分級查詢 · https://mdlicense.itri.org.tw/MDDB/Classification/ClassDB.aspx
- 衛生福利部中央健康保險署「醫材比價網」兩查詢軌之品項分類(跨卡已驗事實,同錨)。[info.nhi.gov.tw INAE2000/INAE2010S01]( 由 KM-DENTAL-03 卡以 ego-browser 實測並經 OP 複驗,紀錄見… · https://info.nhi.gov.tw/INAE2000/INAE2010S01
- NLM MeSH:Post and Core Technique。[MeSH UID 68011176 · https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011176
- NLM MeSH:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures。[MeSH UID 68052280 · https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D052280
- NLM MeSH:Dental Implants。[MeSH UID 68015921 · https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D015921
- NLM MeSH:Bone Screws。[MeSH UID 68001863 · https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001863
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- Tsintsadze N, et al. Comparing survival rates of endodontically treated teeth restored either with glass-fiber-reinforced or metal posts: A systematic review… · https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35430048/
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引用本文
km 編輯部・《根管治療後醫生說要打牙釘——牙釘到底是什麼?一定要打嗎?|證據鏈》・IDAEO 知識庫・2026-08-13・https://km.idaeo.ai/reports/dental-dental-post-and-screw-evidence