做牙桥会后悔吗？牙桥是什么、最多几颗？｜證據鏈

做牙桥会后悔吗？牙桥是什么、最多几颗？｜證據鏈

F-Units（事实单元账）

每条标明来源、confidence、basis、期间、geo 和 caveat。basis 阶梯：law ＞ official_statement ＞ clinical_guideline ＞ peer_reviewed ＞ textbook。

• F1｜confidence: verified｜basis: internal_dataset（S28，非医学宣称）｜period: 2025-03 至 2026-08 GSC 留存窗口｜geo: TW｜span: backlog #45「牙橋後悔」（67,113）「牙橋是什麼」（13,513）「牙橋最多幾顆」（5,209）「拆牙橋過程」（4,693）4 詞項合計曝光 90,528，跨 3 站｜caveat: 曝光为资产级数字，非去重流量；发布转换时本条整条不输出（2026-08-05 内部数据不进入可见层的裁定）。
• F2｜confidence: n/a｜basis: 结构性整理（编辑框架，S29，非事实宣称）｜geo: universal｜以下均为本站编辑定义的说明结构，不是外部事实：①“三种牙桥分流”的术语对照 ②“不引用也不否定论坛帖子、改为对照文献类别”的处理原则 ③四类后悔点的分类和排序 ④本卡与粘接式牙桥卡（KM-DENTAL-22）、缺牙选项卡（KM-DENTAL-35）、固定假牙费用卡（KM-DENTAL-03）的 canonical 边界 ⑤“报价请以书面明细和县市核定标准对照”的就医沟通建议 ⑥禁止写“选对医师就不会后悔”类结果承诺的编辑规则。
• F3｜confidence: n/a｜basis: 证据缺口声明（editorial，非待验）｜geo: universal｜本次检索未取得可引用证据，因此本卡不写：①任何金额、区间或行情 ②对牙桥可使用年限的个人预测 ③台湾本土牙桥存留或并发症统计 ④牙桥颗数上限数字 ⑤传统切开式拆除对基牙影响的系统性综述结论（本次 PubMed 检索以 crown removal／sectioning／retrievability 等组合查询，返回 0 篇符合者）⑥保固条款的内容和效力（属于合同约定，非医学问题，本站不提供法律见解）。
• F4｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 41650383）｜period: 检索 2014-01 至 2024-12，2026-02-06 在线先行发表＝本卡纳入文献中检索日期较新者｜geo: universal｜span: 「In total, 41 studies, including 600 metal-ceramic and 1,532 all-ceramic FDPs, met the inclusion criteria.」「The 5-year survival rates were 92.9% for veneered densely sintered zirconia, 91.3% for metal-ceramic, 88.4% for glass-infiltrated alumina, 87.9% for monolithic densely sintered zirconia, and 82.5% for lithium disilicate-reinforced glass-ceramic FDPs.」「Lithium disilicate FDPs showed significantly lower survival than metal-ceramic restorations, while differences among other materials were not statistically significant. Overall, 71.0% of restorations remained complicationfree after 5 years. All-ceramic FDPs had higher rates of marginal caries and loss of retention than metalceramic FDPs. Framework fractures were more prevalent in all-ceramic restorations, particularly in lithium disilicate-reinforced glass-ceramic and glass-infiltrated alumina FDPs (> 10% over 5 years). Ceramic chipping was common but least frequent in monolithic zirconia FDPs.」｜caveat: 在线先行发表（online ahead of print），尚无正式卷期页码；纳入 17 篇既有系统性综述中的研究以覆盖较早时期；71.0% 的分母为修复体，不能与 F6 的 15.7%（分母为患者）相减。版本时效核验（2026-08-06）：以 tooth-supported FDP＋survival＋systematic review 检索 2018–2026 刊期，本篇为刊期最晚（2026-02）且直接对应的多单位牙支持固定假牙综述。
• F5｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 15533126）｜period: 检索 1966 至 2004-03，2004 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Nineteen studies from an initial yield of 3658 titles were finally selected」「The 10-year probability of survival for fixed partial dentures was 89.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 81-93.8%) while the probability of success was 71.1% (95% CI: 47.7-85.2%).」「The 10-year risk for caries and periodontitis leading to FPD loss was 2.6% and 0.7%, respectively. The 10-year risk for loss of retention was 6.4%, for abutment fracture 2.1% and for material fractures 3.2%.」「Survival of the FPDs was analyzed according to in situ and intact failure risks.」｜caveat: 摘要未逐字定义“success”的判准（仅说明存留依 in situ 和 intact 两种失败风险分析），因此本卡不把 71.1% 解读为“完全无并发症”——该定义来自同系列的悬臂式综述（F7），属不同研究，禁止跨篇借用；年代较早，5 年期数据已由 F4（2026）更新；但 F4 仅报告 5 年，10 年估计目前仍以本篇和 F6 为可引用来源（2026-08-06 以 10-year survival tooth-supported FDP systematic review 检索，返回 3 篇，无更新的 10 年合并估计）。纳入研究以队列研究为主，异质性高。
• F6｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 17594374）｜period: 平均随访 ≥5 年的研究，2007 发表（同锚：本站 #22 卡 F11）｜geo: universal｜span: 「an estimated 5-year survival of conventional tooth-supported FDPs of 93.8%」「after 10 years of function the estimated survival decreased to 89.2% for conventional FDPs」「Despite high survival rates, 38.7% the patients with implant-supported FDPs had some complications after the 5-year observation period. This is compared with 15.7% for conventional FDPs and 20.6% for cantilever FDPs, respectively.」「For conventional tooth-supported FDPs, the most frequent complications were biological complications like caries and loss of pulp vitality.」｜caveat: 15.7% 的分母为患者（原句对照的是种植体支持固定假牙患者的 38.7%），不是修复体，和 F4 的 71.0% 口径不同；本篇的 conventional tooth-supported FDP 指修磨邻牙作全冠基牙的传统固定牙桥，和粘接式牙桥（KM-DENTAL-22）不是同一术式，两组数字禁止互相套用。
• F7｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 15533127）｜period: 平均随访 ≥5 年的研究，2004 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Meta-analysis of these studies resulted in an estimated survival rate of cantilever FPDs of 81.8% (95 percent confidence interval (95% CI): 78.2-84.9%) and success rate (free of all complications) of 63% (95% CI: 54.7-70.2%) after 10 years.」「The most common biological complication was loss of pulp vitality (32.6%) followed by caries at abutment teeth (9.1%).」｜caveat: 人群限定为悬臂式（单端支持）固定假牙，不是两端基牙的传统牙桥；本卡正文未在传统牙桥段落引用其 32.6% 数值，仅列在事实账以标明口径差异，避免跨设计外推。
• F8｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review，PMID 42008751）｜period: 检索 2012–2023 文献，2026 发表（同锚：本站 #37 卡 F7）｜geo: universal｜span: 「Crown preparation leads to irreversible dental tissue loss, which affects long-term restoration success.」｜caveat: 该综述主题为垂直式和水平式预备技术的牙体组织保存比较；本卡仅采用其“牙冠预备造成不可逆牙体组织丧失”的陈述，未引用任何预备技术优劣结论。
• F9｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（体外重量分析研究，非临床，PMID 12186346）｜period: 2002 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Four Typodont resin teeth representing maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars were prepared in various abutment designs」「Preparations A3 and F3 were assigned as abutments for metal-supported restorations, whereas all other preparations were used for all-ceramic restorations.」「When the mean structure removal of all teeth tested was compared, the adhesive and inlay abutments were the least invasive preparation designs, ranging from approximately 5.5% (A2) to 27.2% (13) tooth structure removal. Complete crowns required the most invasive preparations, ranging from 67.5% (F1) to 75.6% (F3) tooth structure removal.」｜caveat: 模型树脂牙的体外重量分析，不是病人口内量测，每组 10 颗；数值为牙体组织移除比例，不是疗效或预后指标；正文已明确此限制。
• F10｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（体外重量分析研究，非临床，PMID 12070513）｜period: 2002 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Typodont resin teeth representing the maxillary left central incisor, maxillary left canine, and mandibular left central incisor were prepared with the following designs」「Ceramic veneers and resin-bonded prosthesis retainers were the least invasive preparation designs, removing approximately 3% to 30% of the coronal tooth structure by weight. Approximately 63% to 72% of the coronal tooth structure was removed when teeth were prepared for all-ceramic and metal-ceramic crowns.」｜caveat: 同 F9，属体外模型量测；本篇对象为前牙，测量的是冠部（coronal）牙体组织重量比例。

• F11｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，观察性研究，PMID 34516686）｜period: 检索至 2021-01，2022 发表（同锚：本站 #11、#37 卡）｜geo: universal｜span: 「Electronic searches provided 10,075 records among which 20 studies were selected for systematic review and 7 studies were selected for meta-analysis.」「The meta-analysis revealed clinical and radiographic success rate ranging between 92% to 98% at different follow up periods ranging between 5 years and 20 years.」｜caveat: 仅纳入观察性研究、异质性高；成功率定义为牙髓和根尖状态，不是牙桥本身的存留；人群为固定假牙的活髓基牙（含单冠和牙桥）。
• F12｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review，PMID 37455556）｜period: 检索至 2022-10，2024 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「26 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis of the present systematic review.」「For FDPs, the 5-year survival rate was significantly higher for FDPs on vital abutments (84.9%; 95% CI [75.9, 93.9%]) compared to FDPs retained by non-vital abutment/s (81.3%; 95% CI [80.3, 82.2%], P = 0.049) irrespective to presence, type of post, and FDPs material.」「The results are limited by the limited number of studies and the presence of uncontrolled confounding clinical variables.」｜caveat: 观察性资料，作者自述受研究数量有限和未控制混杂因素所限；为关联而非因果，正文已写明；本卡未引用其单冠分项数据（属 KM-DENTAL-11 范围）。
• F13｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（narrative review，PMID 28429481）｜period: 2017 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「The design of the prosthesis, the number and quality of the abutment teeth, the preparation and the pontic, the occlusion and the material need to be considered when planning prosthodontic treatment.」「Pontic design and cleansibility also contribute to the response of the gingival tissues as well as to the clinical and esthetic outcome. Even an optimal pontic design will not prevent inflammation of the mucosa adjacent to the pontic if pontic hygiene is not maintained by removal of plaque.」「Case selection and the patients' ability to carry out adequate oral hygiene are therefore essential for longevity of the prosthesis, and regular reviews provide an opportunity for early detection and treatment of failures.」｜caveat: 叙述性综述（narrative review），不是 Meta 分析，未提供合并估计值；本卡仅采用其规划因素清单及桥体清洁陈述，未引用任何量化结论。
• F14｜confidence: high｜basis: clinical_guideline（2017 World Workshop 委托的叙述性综述，PMID 29926939）｜period: 2018 发表（同锚：本站 #11、#23、#37 卡）｜geo: universal｜span: 「Placement of restoration margins within the junctional epithelium and supracrestal connective tissue attachment can be associated with gingival inflammation and, potentially, recession.」「Restoration margins located within the gingival sulcus do not cause gingivitis if patients are compliant with self-performed plaque control and periodic maintenance.」｜caveat: 叙述性综述，不是 Meta 分析。
• F15｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 17594371）｜period: 检索 1966 至 2006-09，2007 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「In subjects suffering from generalized severe periodontitis, only a few teeth may be treated and used as abutments for fixed dental prostheses (FDPs).」「The search provided 860 titles of which six publications were included. A total of 579 FDPs were incorporated and followed up to 25 years.」「Meta-analysis yielded an estimated FDP survival rate of 96.4% [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 94.6-97.6%] after five and of 92.9% (95% CI: 89.5-95.3%) after 10 years, respectively. After 10 years, the estimated rate of abutment teeth without endodontic complications amounted to 93% (95% CI: 62.6-98.9%). The 10-year estimated rate of caries-free abutment teeth was 98.1% (95% CI: 88.2-99.7%).」｜caveat: PubMed 注记本篇有勘误（Erratum in Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008 Mar;19(3):326-8），本次未能取回勘误内容，引用时应一并核验；仅纳入 6 篇，置信区间极宽（如根管并发症 62.6 至 98.9）；人群为牙周支持严重减少但健康且接受维护的基牙，不可外推到未治疗的活动性牙周炎。版本时效核验（2026-08-06）：以 reduced periodontal support＋FDP＋systematic review 检索 2015–2026 刊期，返回 0 篇，未见更新版。
• F16｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（回顾性临床研究，PMID 9183035）｜period: 1997 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「The relationship between bridge failure and the periodontal ligament area of their abutments was studied in 156 dental bridges constructed for 132 patients.」「Of the bridges constructed at the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, 26.9% did not meet the published criteria of Ante's Law while 50.0% of those made in general dental practice did not meet the same criteria.」「However, radiographic evaluation of abutment teeth in 56 failed bridges revealed that there were only two cases with evidence of overloading the abutments.」｜caveat: 单一机构、年代久远、非系统性综述；摘要没有说明“56 座失败牙桥”和前述 156 座的关系（是否为同一批的子集），本卡不推定；本卡只用于说明两点——检验该法则时量的是基牙牙周膜面积，以及不符合该法则者未必以过度负荷形式失败——不作为疗效或设计建议。
• F17｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（多中心病历回顾研究，PMID 7616341）｜period: 1995 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「The survival rate of 1674 bridges and the influence of several factors on the lifetime of bridges were analysed, based on data from patient records that belonged to a random sample of 40 Dutch general practices.」「It appears that the 12 year survival rate of the bridges is 87%.」「There is a significant difference in the survival rate between the bridges that meet and do not meet Ante's law, and only a weak significant difference between the bridges with vital vs. non-vital abutment teeth.」「Gender and age of the patient, length of the bridge, presence of a post and core build-up, or the construction of the bridge (conventional fixed vs. cantilever pontic) appear to have no influence on the survival rate of the bridges in this sample.」｜caveat: 病历回顾、年代久远、单一国家开业人群；“长度无影响”是该样本内的发现，不能读作普遍结论；本篇和 F18 对长跨距的观察方向不同，本卡并列不择一。
• F18｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（回顾性临床分析，PMID 25262674）｜period: 2015 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「This study is based on the data of 36 patients who received 41 LSFDPs.」「During the observation period, 22.0% (n = 9) of the LSFDPs ceased to function. The calculated outcome probability after 3 years was 88.3%, and 57.4% after 5 years.」「The only significant difference in the mean survival time could be found in LSFDPs with two abutment teeth in comparison with LSFDPs with three and more abutment teeth.」「Although all of the patients were invited to an oral health and maintenance program regularly, only 13.8% attended.」「the patient's compliance is a crucial factor in the successful implementation of a LSFDP, whereas other factors are of minor importance」｜caveat: 样本仅 36 位患者、41 座；摘要未载明两颗与三颗以上基牙哪一边较好，本卡不推测方向；维护出席率极低（13.8%）是该人群特性，读数字时须连同这项条件一起看。
• F19｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（一页评论文，PubMed 无摘要，PMID 22942148）｜period: 2012 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Ante's law is not evidence based.」（＝本篇标题逐字；PubMed 无摘要，内文未能取回）｜caveat: 仅引用标题表达的立场，未引用其内文论证；本条不作为任何临床数值或建议依据，仅记录该法则的证据基础曾在文献中被公开质疑。
• F20｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（回顾性队列研究，PMID 40960697）｜period: 平均观察 4.27 年，2025-09-17 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「434 FDPs placed in 326 patients were selected from a prospective clinical long-term study. 213 FDPs were solely implant-supported, 154 FDPs tooth-implant supported, and 67 FDPs were cantilever FDPs. The most FDPs had 3-units (n = 315), 95 FDPs had 4-units, and 24 FDPs had more than 4 units.」「The mean observation period was 4.27 years.」「Log-rank tests revealed no significant differences between groups for all variables (support, number of units, and loading factor (p ≥ .339).」｜caveat: 人群限定为种植体支持和牙—种植体混合支持固定假牙，不含纯牙支持牙桥，结论禁止直接套用于传统牙桥，正文已写明；单一中心回顾，平均观察仅 4.27 年，未达显著不等于无差异。

• F21｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（回顾性随访研究，PMID 21716968）｜period: 平均随访 17.7 年，2011 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Fifty-seven patients with 82 FPDs from an original group of 104 patients with 128 FPDs attended an approximate clinical 18-year follow-up examination. The mean follow-up period was 17.7 years (range: 17.1 to 21.3 years).」「Nine FPDs were lost because of extraction of an abutment tooth, and 1 FPD was removed for esthetic reasons.」「The survival rate of the FPDs was 78%, and the established success rate was 71%.」「The most common clinical findings were gingival bleeding on probing and appearance of supragingival crown margins.」｜caveat: 单一中心、修复体由牙医学生制作；仅约半数原始人群回诊受检，存在选择性随访偏倚，正文已写明；不是系统性综述，证据等级低于 F4、F5、F6。
• F22｜confidence: medium｜basis: peer_reviewed（systematic review・meta-analysis，PMID 39369882）｜period: 检索至 2024-06，2024-12 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「Thirty-one articles were identified, of which 22 were included for systematic review and 7 RCTs were included for meta-analysis.」「In the pooled analysis, 180 bilaminar zirconia (ZC) FDPs and 206 MC FDPs were included.」「ZC FDPs were significantly associated with more failures (RR=3.64, p = 0.009) and more Ceramic Chipping (RR=2.92, p < 0.0001) when compared to MC FDPs.」「There is lack of long term (>10 years follow-up) evidence of the clinical performance of ZC FDPs and monolithic zirconia FDPs.」｜caveat: Meta 分析仅纳入 7 篇随机对照试验，合计 180 座氧化锆和 206 座金属烤瓷固定假牙；本篇氧化锆组主要为双层（饰面式），与 F4 对饰面氧化锆的估计方向不同，本卡并列不择一；相对风险是两种材料的比较，不是绝对发生率。
• F23｜confidence: low｜basis: peer_reviewed（回顾性临床分析，PMID 38096248）｜period: 2023-12-14 发表｜geo: universal｜span: 「A retrospective analysis was conducted, involving 29 clinical cases with a total of 52 abutments requiring the removal of various ceramic restorations.」「Out of the 52 abutments, 50 were successfully retrieved without causing any damage (>95%) using either an Er,Cr:YSGG laser (N = 6) or an Er:YAG laser (N = 46).」「The restorations consisted of 13 lithium disilicate and 39 zirconia units, including six veneers, 38 single crowns, and three fixed partial dentures (FPDs).」「The retrieval time varied depending on the restoration type, material thickness, cement type, retention form/fitting of the abutment and restoration, ranging from 2.25 ±0.61 minutes for veneers, 6.89 ±8.07 minutes for crowns, to 25 ±10 minutes per abutment for FPDs.」「Laser-assisted debonding allows for recementation of the restorations during the same appointment」｜caveat: 29 例回顾，其中固定牙桥仅 3 座，无对照组、非随机分派；时间数值（贴面 2.25±0.61、单冠 6.89±8.07、固定假牙每基牙 25±10 分钟）为该样本描述统计，单冠组标准差大于平均值表示个案差异极大；本卡不推荐任何特定器械或术式，也未引用其“安全有效”的结论措辞作为疗效宣称。
• F24｜confidence: verified（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载全国法规资料库，条文逐字相符）｜basis: law（S21）｜period: 现行条文｜geo: TW｜span: 《全民健康保險法》第 51 條第 11 款「義齒、義眼、眼鏡、助聽器、輪椅、拐杖及其他非具積極治療性之裝具。」｜caveat: 条文引述，不是法律意见；个别给付以健保署现行公告为准，本卡不作给付判定。
• F25｜confidence: verified（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）｜basis: law（S22）｜period: 现行条文｜geo: TW｜span: 《醫療法》第 21 條「醫療機構收取醫療費用之標準，由直轄市、縣（市）主管機關核定之。」｜caveat: 条文引述，不是法律意见。
• F26｜confidence: verified（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）｜basis: law（S23）｜period: 现行条文｜geo: TW｜span: 《醫療法》第 22 條「醫療機構收取醫療費用，應開給載明收費項目及金額之收據。醫療機構不得違反收費標準，超額或擅立收費項目收費。」｜caveat: 条文引述，不是法律意见；本卡不列任何金额。
• F27｜confidence: verified（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）｜basis: law（S24）｜period: 现行条文｜geo: TW｜span: 《醫療法》第 81 條「醫療機構診治病人時，應向病人或其法定代理人、配偶、親屬或關係人告知其病情、治療方針、處置、用藥、預後情形及可能之不良反應。」｜caveat: 条文引述，不是法律意见。
• F28｜confidence: verified（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）｜basis: law（S25）｜period: 现行条文｜geo: TW｜span: 《醫療法》第 87 條「廣告內容暗示或影射醫療業務者，視為醫療廣告。醫學新知或研究報告之發表、病人衛生教育、學術性刊物，未涉及招徠醫療業務者，不視為醫療廣告。」｜caveat: 本卡的卫生教育定位依此条；条文引述，不是法律意见。
• F29｜confidence: verified（2026-08-05 OP 以 ego-browser 亲验两个查询轨类别并逐项读取；本卡沿用同锚，未重验）｜basis: official_statement（S26）｜period: 2026-08-05 实测现况｜geo: TW｜span: 健保署醫材比價網兩軌查詢類別皆不含牙科，頁面全文無「牙」字（紀錄見 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md）｜caveat: 沿用他人的实测记录，本卡未重新量测；用途仅为排除错误核验渠道，不作任何费用陈述。
• F30｜confidence: verified（2026-08-06 本卡以 ego-browser 实载，逐字读取页面标题和文件清单，页面标示资料更新 115-07-15）｜basis: official_statement（S27）｜period: 1090117 核定版｜geo: TW｜span: 臺北市政府衛生局收費標準頁「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表」(1090117核定)，相關檔案「臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表(奉核版-1090117)」｜caveat: 单一县市例证，其他县市各自公告；资料集不等于个别院所实际收费，仍须以院所书面明细为准；本卡不引用其中任何金额。

怎么找到提供这项服务的院所

本站不列出任何院所名单，也不推荐、不评比、不比较任何医疗机构。

要找提供这项服务的诊所，请用下列法定查询渠道自己查——它们的资料由主管机关维护，比任何名单都新：

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- 台湾卫生福利部“医事机构查询”：可依县市、乡镇与科别（牙科）查出已完成开业登记的医事机构，

结果会显示机构名称、地址与登记科别。这是确认“这家有没有合法登记”的第一站。

- 台湾中央健康保险署“特约医事机构查询”：可查该院所是不是健保特约。

这关系到哪些项目走健保、哪些自费，直接影响你会拿到什么样的收费说明。

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两个系统都在各自主管机关的官方网站上，以“医事机构查询”“特约院所查询”为关键词即可找到。

本站不转贴网址，因为网址会变动，请以主管机关当下公告的入口为准。

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急症不要花时间查名单：影响到呼吸、吞咽、说话，或肿胀正在扩散时，直接就近挂急诊。

合规注记

本文为卫生教育信息（台湾医疗法第 87 条）[F28]，不是医疗广告，不推荐特定院所，也不提供任何金额或价格区间。固定牙桥治疗涉及基牙不可逆的牙体组织修磨，具有医疗风险和禁忌症，可能出现基牙龋齿、牙髓失活、失去固位、崩瓷、底冠或基牙折裂、桥体周围黏膜炎症和牙龈退缩等情况；实际治疗方式和效果因人而异，须由牙医师评估。本卡整理的判断因素供就医沟通使用，不能取代临床诊断；本文也不评价任何院所的处置，不提供保险理赔或合同条款的法律见解，相关问题依保单和合同条款而定。

来源清单

• S1 Romandini P, Pjetursson BE, Pitta J, Balet A, Ikumi R, Sailer I. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating the Survival, the Failure and the Complication Rates of Metal-Ceramic, Veneered and Monolithic All-Ceramic Tooth-Supported Multiple-Unit Fixed Dental Prostheses (FDPs). Int J Prosthodont. 2026 Feb 6 (online ahead of print). PMID 41650383. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41650383（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S2 Tan K, Pjetursson BE, Lang NP, Chan ES. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(6):654-66. PMID 15533126. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15533126（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S3 Pjetursson BE, Brägger U, Lang NP, Zwahlen M. Comparison of survival and complication rates of tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) and implant-supported FDPs and single crowns (SCs). Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18 Suppl 3:97-113. PMID 17594374. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17594374（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符；同锚 KM-DENTAL-22）
• S4 Pjetursson BE, Tan K, Lang NP, Brägger U, Egger M, Zwahlen M. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years（悬臂式）. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2004;15(6):667-76. PMID 15533127. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15533127（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S5 Florescu ML, Arrien-Barrenetxea G, Fiorillo L, et al. Preservation of Dental Structure in Prosthetic Restorations: Vertical and Horizontal Preparation Techniques. Systematic Review. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2026;12(2):e70360. PMID 42008751. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42008751（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符；同锚 KM-DENTAL-37）
• S6 Edelhoff D, Sorensen JA. Tooth structure removal associated with various preparation designs for posterior teeth. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2002;22(3):241-9. PMID 12186346. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12186346（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S7 Edelhoff D, Sorensen JA. Tooth structure removal associated with various preparation designs for anterior teeth. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;87(5):503-9. PMID 12070513. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12070513（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S8 Kohli S, Bhatia S, Al-Haddad A, Pulikkotil SJ, Jamayet NB. Pulpal and Periapical Status of the Vital Teeth Used as Abutment for Fixed Prosthesis-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Prosthodont. 2022;31(2):102-114. PMID 34516686. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34516686（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符；同锚 KM-DENTAL-11、KM-DENTAL-37）
• S9 Hawthan M, Larsson C, Chrcanovic BR. Survival of fixed prosthetic restorations on vital and nonvital teeth: A systematic review. J Prosthodont. 2024;33(2):110-122. PMID 37455556. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37455556（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S10 Abduo J, Lyons KM. Interdisciplinary interface between fixed prosthodontics and periodontics. Periodontol 2000. 2017;74(1):40-62. PMID 28429481. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28429481（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S11 Ercoli C, Caton JG. Dental prostheses and tooth-related factors. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S223-S236. PMID 29926939. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29926939（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符；同锚 KM-DENTAL-11、23、37）
• S12 Lulic M, Brägger U, Lang NP, Zwahlen M, Salvi GE. Ante's (1926) law revisited: a systematic review on survival rates and complications of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) on severely reduced periodontal tissue support. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2007;18 Suppl 3:63-72. PMID 17594371. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17594371（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符；PubMed 注记 Erratum in Clin Oral Implants Res. 2008;19(3):326-8，未能取回勘误内容）
• S13 Fayyad MA, Al-Rafee MA. Failure of dental bridges. IV. Effect of supporting periodontal ligament. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(5):401-3. PMID 9183035. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9183035（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S14 Leempoel PJ, Käyser AF, Van Rossum GM, De Haan AF. The survival rate of bridges. A study of 1674 bridges in 40 Dutch general practices. J Oral Rehabil. 1995;22(5):327-30. PMID 7616341. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7616341（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S15 Rehmann P, Podhorsky A, Schaaf D, Rudel K, Wöstmann B. Long-span fixed dental prostheses not meeting Ante's law: a retrospective analysis. Quintessence Int. 2015;46(1):51-7. PMID 25262674. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25262674（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S16 Balevi B. Ante's law is not evidence based. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143(9):1011-2. PMID 22942148. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22942148（取用 2026-08-06，PubMed 无摘要，仅标题逐字可取回；本卡未引用内文）
• S17 Waldecker M, Rammelsberg P. Prognosis of multi-unit implant supported and combined tooth-implant supported fixed dental prostheses: a retrospective cohort study with a mean observation period of 4.27 years. Clin Oral Investig. 2025;29(10):463. PMID 40960697. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40960697（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S18 Napankangas R, Raustia A. An 18-year retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes with metal-ceramic fixed partial dentures. Int J Prosthodont. 2011;24(4):314-9. PMID 21716968. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21716968（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S19 Zhang X, Yin L, Burrow MF, et al. Clinical performance of zirconia-based tooth-supported fixed dental prostheses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent. 2024;151:105382. PMID 39369882. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39369882（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S20 Deeb JG, Grzech-Lesniak K, Bencharit S. Evaluation of the effectiveness and practicality of erbium lasers for ceramic restoration removal: A retrospective clinical analysis. PLoS One. 2023;18(12):e0295957. PMID 38096248. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38096248（取用 2026-08-06，efetch 摘要逐字相符）
• S21 台湾《全民健康保险法》第 51 条（全国法规资料库）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0060001 flno=51（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，第 11 款逐字相符）
• S22 台湾《医疗法》第 21 条（全国法规资料库）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=21（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）
• S23 台湾《医疗法》第 22 条（全国法规资料库）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=22（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）
• S24 台湾《医疗法》第 81 条（全国法规资料库）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=81（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，条文逐字相符）
• S25 台湾《医疗法》第 87 条（全国法规资料库）。law.moj.gov.tw pcode=L0020021 flno=87（2026-08-06 以 ego-browser 实载，两项逐字相符）
• S26 台湾卫生福利部中央健康保险署醫材比價網的两查询轨品项分类（跨卡已核验事实，同锚）。info.nhi.gov.tw INAE2000/INAE2010S01（2026-08-05 由 KM-DENTAL-03 卡以 ego-browser 实测且经 OP 复验，记录见 km-compliance/VERIFIED-FACTS.md；本卡未重复实测）
• S27 台北市政府卫生局－收费标准：“臺北市醫療機構牙科收費標準表”（1090117 核定）。health.gov.taipei 收费标准页（2026-08-06 本卡以 ego-browser 实载，逐字核对页面标题和相关文件名称，页面标示资料更新 115-07-15）
• S28 内部资料：`analysis/reports/km-dental-backlog.md` 第 45 题附录（14 个诊所站 GSC 全量，资料窗口 2025-03～2026-08），4 个词项跨 3 个站，可逐笔核对。非医学事实 basis，仅为选题依据，发布时不进入可见层。
• S29 编辑框架（无外部来源）：本卡三种牙桥分流、四类后悔点分类、与同族卡的 canonical 边界、论坛帖子处理原则、禁止写结果承诺的编辑规则，见 F2、F3。

内部引用链

• 同族 canonical 卡（术式）：粘接式（马里兰）牙桥是什么？适合谁？（KM-DENTAL-22，草稿）。两卡的 canonical 边界：归该卡的是粘接式牙桥的单翼和双翼设计比较、其存留与脱落率、适应条件和不利条件、名称由来；归本卡的是传统固定牙桥的不可逆修磨代价、基牙并发症、桥体清洁、跨距和基牙数的证据现况、拆除。两卡共用 PMID 17594374 这一文献锚（本卡 F6＝该卡 F11），英文 span 逐字一致；该文的 conventional tooth-supported FDP 与 resin-bonded bridge 是两种不同术式，两组数字禁止互相套用。
• 同族 canonical 卡（选项比较）：缺牙一定要种植牙吗？没钱补怎么办？（KM-DENTAL-35，草稿）。如果你仍在决定“要不要补、补哪一种”，请从该卡开始：不补、活动义齿、牙桥、种植牙四条路的条件和代价比较是该卡的 canonical 内容，本卡不重写；本卡假定你已被建议做传统固定牙桥。
• 费用 canonical 卡：做一颗固定假牙要多少钱？（KM-DENTAL-03，草稿）。报价如何拆项、如何逐条核对、核验渠道在哪里，收在该卡；本卡只讲制度定位（自费一侧、县市核定、收据），一个金额也不写。
• 同型口碑卡：种植牙会后悔吗？网友的惨痛经历是真的吗？（KM-DENTAL-07，草稿）与全瓷冠会后悔吗？缺点有哪些？（KM-DENTAL-37，草稿）。三张卡采用同一处理原则（不引用也不否定帖子，改为对照文献类别），对象不同：分别处理种植体、单颗全瓷冠和传统固定牙桥。
• 上游决策卡：臼齿拔掉可以不补吗？会怎样？（KM-DENTAL-34，草稿）。如果你的问题其实是“这颗到底要不要补”，判准在该卡；本卡承接的是已经决定要补、且被建议做牙桥之后的阶段。