马｜饲养与照护（疾病栏另见专文）｜证据链

FAQ

马的物种／品种与寿命该注意什么？

马品种差异极大（轻型乘用马、重型挽马、迷你马、各式温血／冷血品种），寿命平均 25–30 年，迷你马可达 40 年以上（Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners：「On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more.」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>，查证 2026-07-30）。饲主常见误解：把马当「大型犬」照护，忽略其草食动物肠道特性。实际判断仍须由兽医依个案评估，本文不写药名与剂量。

ウマの種／品種と寿命について何に注意すべきですか。 — ウマは品種差が非常に大きく（軽種の乗用馬、重種の輓馬、ミニチュアホース、各種の温血種／冷血種）、寿命は平均 25〜30 年、ミニチュアホースは 40 年以上に達することがあります（Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners：「On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more.」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>、2026-07-30 検証）。飼い主によくある誤解：ウマを「大型犬」のように世話し、草食動物としての腸の特性を見落とすこと。実際の判断は獣医師が個別の症例に応じて行う必要があり、本記事は薬剤名と用量を記載しません。

What should I watch for regarding the species, breed and lifespan of horses? — Horse breeds vary enormously (light riding horses, heavy draught horses, miniature horses, and warmblood／coldblood types of every kind). Lifespan averages 25–30 years, and miniature horses may reach 40 years or more (Merck Veterinary Manual, Horse Owners: "On average, horses live 25–30 years...miniature horses can live 40 years or more." <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/introduction-to-horses/description-and-physical-characteristics-of-horses>, verified 2026-07-30). A common keeper misconception: caring for a horse as though it were a "large dog", overlooking the gut characteristics of a herbivore. The actual judgement still rests with a veterinarian on a case-by-case basis, and this article gives no drug names or dosages.

马的正常生理指标该注意什么？

要量：体温、心跳（可于下颌动脉或以听诊器听心音）、呼吸频率、肠音（borborygmi，以听诊器分别听左右上下 4 个腹部象限）、黏膜颜色与微血管回填时间（capillary refill time）。异常方向：肠音减少或消失是绞痛的重要警讯；黏膜苍白或暗红、回填时间延长提示休克或严重腹痛。参考值：直肠温度母马 37.3–38.2°C（99.1–100.8°F）、公马 37.2–38.1°C（99.0–100.6°F）；静止心跳 28–40 次/分；静止呼吸 10–14 次/分（Merck Veterinary Manual, Reference Guides：「Normal Rectal Temperature Ranges」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/normal-rectal-temperature-ranges>。实际判断仍须由兽医依个案评估，本文不写药名与剂量。

ウマの正常な生理指標について何に注意すべきですか。 — 測定する項目：体温、心拍（下顎動脈で、または聴診器で心音を聴取）、呼吸数、腸音（borborygmi。聴診器で腹部の左右上下 4 象限をそれぞれ聴取）、粘膜の色と毛細血管再充満時間（capillary refill time）。異常の方向：腸音の減少または消失は疝痛の重要な警告サインです。粘膜の蒼白または暗赤色、再充満時間の延長はショックまたは重度の腹痛を示唆します。参考値：直腸温は牝馬 37.3〜38.2°C（99.1〜100.8°F）、牡馬 37.2〜38.1°C（99.0〜100.6°F）。安静時心拍 28〜40 回/分、安静時呼吸 10〜14 回/分（Merck Veterinary Manual, Reference Guides：「Normal Rectal Temperature Ranges」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/normal-rectal-temperature-ranges>、「Resting Heart Rates」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-heart-rates>、「Resting Respiratory Rates」<https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-respiratory-rates>、2026-07-30 検証）。個体差が大きく、これは健康な個体の安静時の参考区間であり、自分で急症を除外する根拠には使えません。異常があればやはり直ちに受診してください。実際の判断は獣医師が個別の症例に応じて行う必要があり、本記事は薬剤名と用量を記載しません。

What should I watch for regarding the normal physiological indicators of horses? — To measure: temperature, heart rate (at the mandibular artery or by listening to heart sounds with a stethoscope), respiratory rate, gut sounds (borborygmi, auscultated separately over the four upper and lower abdominal quadrants on each side), mucous membrane colour and capillary refill time. Abnormal directions: reduced or absent gut sounds are an important warning sign of colic; pale or brick-red membranes and prolonged refill time suggest shock or severe abdominal pain. Reference values: rectal temperature 37.3–38.2°C (99.1–100.8°F) in mares and 37.2–38.1°C (99.0–100.6°F) in stallions; resting heart rate 28–40 beats per minute; resting respiration 10–14 breaths per minute (Merck Veterinary Manual, Reference Guides: "Normal Rectal Temperature Ranges" <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/normal-rectal-temperature-ranges>; "Resting Heart Rates" <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-heart-rates>; "Resting Respiratory Rates" <https://www.merckvetmanual.com/reference-values-and-conversion-tables/reference-guides/resting-respiratory-rates>, verified 2026-07-30). Individual variation is wide; these are reference intervals for a healthy animal at rest and cannot be used to rule out an emergency on your own — anything abnormal still calls for immediate veterinary care. The actual judgement still rests with a veterinarian on a case-by-case basis, and this article gives no drug names or dosages.

马的饲养环境该注意什么？

需要充足放牧／活动空间与同伴（马是群居动物，长期单独圈养易产生行为问题）；垫料干燥、通风良好但避免穿堂风；牧地避免沙质土壤过度放牧（沙粒被吃入易致「沙绞痛 sand colic」）；饮水随时充足干净（饮水不足是阻塞性绞痛常见诱因）。实际判断仍须由兽医依个案评估，本文不写药名与剂量。

ウマの飼育環境について何に注意すべきですか。 — 十分な放牧／運動スペースと仲間が必要です（ウマは群居動物で、長期の単独飼育は行動上の問題を生じやすくなります）。敷料は乾燥させ、換気は良好にしつつすきま風は避けます。牧地では砂質土壌の過放牧を避けます（砂粒を食べてしまうと「砂疝痛 sand colic」を起こしやすくなります）。飲み水は常に十分で清潔に保ちます（飲水不足は閉塞性疝痛のよくある誘因です）。実際の判断は獣医師が個別の症例に応じて行う必要があり、本記事は薬剤名と用量を記載しません。

What should I watch for regarding the housing of horses? — They need ample grazing／turnout space and companions (horses are social animals, and long-term solitary stabling readily produces behavioural problems); dry bedding and good ventilation without draughts; pasture on sandy soil should not be overgrazed (ingested sand readily causes "sand colic"); clean drinking water must be available at all times (inadequate water intake is a common trigger of impaction colic). The actual judgement still rests with a veterinarian on a case-by-case basis, and this article gives no drug names or dosages.